1. Front mutation
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u-mutation
u-mutation occurs in all parts of speech where the stem has a short a, and in some cases where the stem has a short e.
| stressed syllables | ||
|---|---|---|
| a | - | ǫ |
| e | - | ø |
| unstressed syllables | ||
| a | - | u |
i-mutation
i-mutation occurs in the present singular of all strong verbs; the subjunctive plural of strong verbs; the subjunctive and present indicative of a great many weak verbs; and in some nouns and other parts of speech. In i-mutation, the stem vowel changes subject to and i or j in the stem, or for historical reasons. The changes are as follows:
| a | - | e |
| á | - | æ |
| o | - | ø |
| ó | - | œ |
| u | - | y |
| ú | - | ý |
| au | - | ey |
| jú | - | ý |
| ǫ | - | ø |