ii. Proper-name referents
This is not currently part of the peer-reviewed material of the project. Do not cite as a research publication.
When kennings refer specifically to identifiable people, places or mythological beings, the referent should not be taken from the generic, capitalised referent list in § C-i. Rather, the name should be included in lower case after an equals sign and a space (=) in the translation:
a. {hefnir Áleifs} — (Arn Hryn 14)
b. {avenger of Óláfr} [= Magnús]
c. avenger of Óláfr [= Magnús]
a. {inn mæri mǫgr Sigvarðar} — (Bragi Rdr 2)
b. {the famous son of Sigvarðr} [= Ragnarr loðbrók]
c. the famous son of Sigvarðr [= Ragnarr loðbrók]
Kennings involving mythological figures who can also be personifications, e.g. beðja Þundar, may require additional clarification. If it means the goddess Jǫrð:
a. {beðja Þundar)
b. {the bedmate of Þundr <= Oðinn>} [= Jǫrð]
c. the bedmate of Þundr <= Oðinn> [= Jǫrð]
However, if the kenning means 'earth, land':
a. {beðja Þundar)
b. {the bedmate of Þundr <= Oðinn>} [= Jǫrð (jǫrð 'earth')]]
c. the bedmate of Þundr <= Oðinn> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð 'earth')]
In some cases (e.g. where references to two main protagonists alternate rapidly), it may be useful to indicate who is designated by a kenning, using the format = Bersi:
b. {emissary of the {candle of estuaries}} [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN = Bersi]
c. emissary of the candle of estuaries [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN = Bersi]
This should not, however, be done routinely.