4. After 1300
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a. Phonology
i. Vowels in stressed syllables
— Diphthongisation
• hér : hier. e¯ > ie. Date: from ca. 1200 in Icelandic dialects; not uniform until 1300.
• ketill : kietill. e > ie | k, g, h– . Date: as above.
• lengi : leingi. e > ei | –ng. Date: ca. 1300 (not in Western Icelandic).
• lǫng : laung. ƒ > au | –ng, nk. Date: first traces ca. 1300.
— Lengthening
• langur : lángur. a > á | –ng, nk. Date: ca. 1350 (not found in Western Icelandic).
ii. Vowels in weakly stressed syllables
— Desyllabification
• hestr : hestur. r > ur | C– . Date: ca. 1300, but syllabic –r found later as well. Use desyllabified forms if required by metre; look at mss; comment in notes.
iii. Consonants
• talða : talda. ð > d | [+short syllable] l, n, m– (Icelandic). Date: ca. 1300.
• skelfða : skelfda. ð > d | b, lg, ng, rg– (Icelandic). Date: after 1300.
• ek : eg. t, k > ð, g | –#. Ex.: eg, og, hvað. Date: in mss from the 13th c. Increases in frequency after 1300.
• karl : kall. rl, rs > ll, ss. Date ca. 1300.
b. Morphology
• hinn : enn, inn (definite article). Occurs before adjectives in later language (before 1250). Suggestion: don’t use hinn prior to 1300 unless required by alliteration (which is, of course, highly unlikely).