2. Internal evidence
This is not currently part of the peer-reviewed material of the project. Do not cite as a research publication.
a. Present and future tense verbs
b. Deictic adverbs such as nú, her, etc.
c. References to skald’s own involvement in events
d. Complete sense within the stanza
e. Less complexity in kennings and clause arrangement
f. Address to persons present (less formal than apostrophes in extended poems)
g. Whole stanza may have a certain air of anticipation, of being uttered in the midst of the action, or perhaps as part of a dialogue.
For a caveat about the use of these features as criteria, however, see below.