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skaldic

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Þjóð Haustl 3III/3 — kvað ‘said’

Tormiðlaðr vas tívum
talhreinn meðal beina;
hvat kvað * hapta snytrir
hjalmfaldinn því valda.
Margspakr of nam mæla
môr valkastar bôru
— vasat Hœnis vinr hônum
hollr — af fornum þolli.

Talhreinn vas tívum tormiðlaðr meðal beina; hjalmfaldinn snytrir hapta kvað * hvat valda því. Margspakr môr bôru valkastar of nam mæla af fornum þolli; vinr Hœnis vasat hollr hônum.

The dung-reindeer [OX] was difficult for the gods to pierce between the shanks; the helmet-capped instructor of the divine powers [= Óðinn] said something was causing this. The deeply wise seagull of the wave of the corpse-heap [BLOOD > RAVEN/EAGLE = Þjazi] began to speak from an ancient tree; the friend of Hœnir <god> [= Loki] was not well-disposed to him.

readings

[3] kvað *: ‘q°þo’ R(25v), ‘q’þv’ R(36v), kveðu Tˣ(26r), Tˣ(38v), A, kváðu W, kvað þú U, C

notes

[3] kvað * ‘said’: The verb must be 3rd pers. sg. to agree with the sg. subject hjalmfaldinn snytrir hapta ‘the helmet-capped instructor of the divine powers [= Óðinn]’ (ll. 3-4), but the mss all present various unsuitable forms; the forms in both locations of R are unclearly abbreviated; U and C have 2nd pers. sg. kvað þú ‘you (sg.) said’. which is unlikely in view of the generally 3rd pers. narrative style of Haustl (except for the direct speech in st. 11); other mss’ kveðu, (26r), (38v) and A, may also be interpreted as imper. sg. with suffixed pron., while W’s kváðu is an unmetrical 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic.

grammar

Weak verbs: Type 1

berja ‘fight’


IndicativeSubjunctiveImp.


PresentPastPresentPastPres.


Active voice
sing.


pl.
1
2
3
1
2
3
ber
berr
berr
berjum
berjið
berja
barða
barðir
barði
bǫrðum
bǫrðuð
bǫrðu
berja
berir
beri
berim
berið
beri
berða
berðir
berði
berðim
berðið
berði

ber

berjum
berið
infinitive
pres. part.
past part.
berja
berjandi
bar(i)t


Middle voice
sing.


pl.
1
2
3
1
2
3
berjumk
bersk
bersk
berjumk
berizk
berjask
bǫrðumk
barðisk
barðisk
bǫrðumk
bǫðuzk
bǫrðusk
berjumk
berisk
berisk
berimk
berizk
berisk
berðumk
berðisk
berðisk
berðimk
berðizk
berðisk

bersk

berjumk
berizk
infinitive
pres. part.
past part.
berjask
berjandisk
bar(i)zk

heyra ‘hear’


IndicativeSubjunctiveImp.


PresentPastPresentPastPres.


Active voice
sing.


pl.
1
2
3
1
2
3
heyri
heyrir
heyrir
heyrum
heryið
heyra
heyrða
heyrðir
heyrði
heyrðum
heyrðuð
heyrðu
heyra
heyrir
heyri
heyrim
heyrið
heyri
heyrða
heyrðir
heyrði
heyrðim
heyrðið
heyrði

heyr

heyrum
heyrið
infinitive
pres. part.
past part.
heyra
heyrandi
heyr(i)t


Middle voice
sing.


pl.
1
2
3
1
2
3
heyrumk
heyrisk
heyrisk
heyrumk
heyrizk
heyrask
heyrðumk
heyrðisk
heyrðisk
heyrðumk
heyrðuzk
heyrðusk
heyrumk
heyrisk
heyrisk
heyrimk
heyrizk
heyrisk
heyrðumk
heyrðisk
heyrðisk
heyrðimk
heyrðizk
heyrðisk

heyrsk

heyrumk
heyrizk
infinitive
pres. part.
past part.
heyrask
heyrandisk
heyrzk
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