Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Fragments 14’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 164.
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2. vikna (verb): [flexes]
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rammr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): mighty
[1] ramr: rammr W, ‘ran’ U
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í (prep.): in, into
[2] í flugastraumi ‘in the cascade’: Lit. ‘in the cliffs’ current’, i.e. a waterfall, a heavy flow of water tumbling over a steep cliff. The first element in this cpd, fluga- is taken here as gen. pl. of flug n. ‘cliff, steep mountainside, precipice’ (see Fritzner: flug 2; so also AEW). Cf. Note to Eil Þdr 1/1 for this meaning of flug-. See also Grett Lv 28/6V (Gr 60) and Note there. Earlier eds, who construe Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’ as the determinant in a kenning for ‘sea’ (see Note to l. 4 below), interpret flugastraumr as ‘violent current’ without a determinant (so Skj B and LP, Fritzner: flugastraumr), in which fluga- is gen. pl. of flug n. ‘quick speed’ which Fritzner glosses a hurtig Fart (Fritzner: flug 1). That is also a possible interpretation.
[1] Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’: For this name, see Note to Þul Sea-kings l. 8.
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2. reka (verb): drive, force < reksaumr (noun m.)
[2] reksaumr ‘the seam of driven nails’: Lit. ‘driven seam’, e.g. the seam of nails that holds the overlapping planking together (see also ESk Lv 15/2).
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saumr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): nail, seam < reksaumr (noun m.)
[2] ‑saumr: ‑saums 744ˣ
[2] reksaumr ‘the seam of driven nails’: Lit. ‘driven seam’, e.g. the seam of nails that holds the overlapping planking together (see also ESk Lv 15/2).
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flugastraumr (noun m.): [violent current]
[2] í flugastraumi ‘in the cascade’: Lit. ‘in the cliffs’ current’, i.e. a waterfall, a heavy flow of water tumbling over a steep cliff. The first element in this cpd, fluga- is taken here as gen. pl. of flug n. ‘cliff, steep mountainside, precipice’ (see Fritzner: flug 2; so also AEW). Cf. Note to Eil Þdr 1/1 for this meaning of flug-. See also Grett Lv 28/6V (Gr 60) and Note there. Earlier eds, who construe Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’ as the determinant in a kenning for ‘sea’ (see Note to l. 4 below), interpret flugastraumr as ‘violent current’ without a determinant (so Skj B and LP, Fritzner: flugastraumr), in which fluga- is gen. pl. of flug n. ‘quick speed’ which Fritzner glosses a hurtig Fart (Fritzner: flug 1). That is also a possible interpretation.
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dúkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar/-ir(DN IV (1348) 263²⁹)): dress, cloth
[3] dúks: so U, ‘dugs’ R, Tˣ, om. W, dags 744ˣ
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1. hrinda (verb): launch, propell
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bǫl (noun n.; °-s, dat. bǫlvi): evil
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2. bleikja (verb; °-kð-): [goes white]
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2. bifa (verb; °-að-): shudder, tremble < bifgrund (noun f.)
[4] bifgrund ‘the trembling ground [SEA]’: This is an imperfect kenning for ‘sea’ (but see Rv Lv 21/4II svalteigr ‘cool plot [SEA]’), and some earlier eds (Skj B; SnE 1998, I, 38, II, 244) take Rakna ‘of Rakni’ (l. 1) as a determinant: bifgrund Rakna ‘the shaking ground of Rakni’, i.e. ‘the sea’. That construction leaves a dangling prep. (í ‘in’, l. 1), which does not otherwise occur in skaldic syntax (see NN §960). The R variant, bifgrundar (f. gen. sg. or nom./acc. pl.), cannot be construed in a syntactically meaningful way.
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grund (noun f.): earth, land < bifgrund (noun f.)
[4] ‑grund á: so all others, ‑grundar R
[4] bifgrund ‘the trembling ground [SEA]’: This is an imperfect kenning for ‘sea’ (but see Rv Lv 21/4II svalteigr ‘cool plot [SEA]’), and some earlier eds (Skj B; SnE 1998, I, 38, II, 244) take Rakna ‘of Rakni’ (l. 1) as a determinant: bifgrund Rakna ‘the shaking ground of Rakni’, i.e. ‘the sea’. That construction leaves a dangling prep. (í ‘in’, l. 1), which does not otherwise occur in skaldic syntax (see NN §960). The R variant, bifgrundar (f. gen. sg. or nom./acc. pl.), cannot be construed in a syntactically meaningful way.
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stag (noun n.; °-s; *-): forestay, stay
[4] stag ‘the stay’: For stag ‘stay’ see Note to Frag 10/3 above.
[4] rifjum ‘the reefs’: The reef (rif) is the horizontal strip of the sail that can be pulled up to shorten the sail (see Falk 1912, 68-9, SnE 1998, II, 376-7 and Jesch 2001a, 163).
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