EBrún Lv 1^III

Kaupir ‘buys’

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kaupa (verb): buy

árr ‘messenger’

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1. árr (noun m.; °dat. ár; ǽrir/árar, acc. áru): messenger

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] orðrakkr árr flausta ‘the word-bold messenger of ships [SEAFARER]’: This common type of seafarer-kenning is formed according to the pattern ‘man of the ship’ (cf. Eskál Lv 3/1-2^I, Anon Pl 13/7-8^VII; cf. LP: rr 2 and Meissner 88). The adj. orðrakkr ‘word-bold’ in the sense ‘eloquent’ or ‘someone true to one’s word’ serves as a qualifier for ‘seafarer’ here (see Note to [All] above).

né ‘not’

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né (conj.): nor

eyri ‘money’

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eyrir (noun m.; °eyris, dat. eyri; aurar): ounce, money, property

notes

[1-2] allrífum eyri ‘abundant money’: In skaldic poetry the adj. allrífr occurs only here (cf. LP: allrífr), and it was translated by Finnur Jónsson as i rigelig grad tilstede og gærne uddelt, (altså passivt; om penge) ‘plentifully available and gladly distributed (passive meaning; about money)’. In prose texts the adj. rífr means ‘something desirable’ (see Fritzner: rífr), but more often the meaning ‘something acceptable’ can be inferred from the examples given (cf. ONP: rífr). The Old Norse noun derives from Lat. aureus ‘golden’ (a Roman gold coin) and means an ounce (of silver) or ‘money, wealth, coins, currency’ (LP, ONP: eyrir). Since there is no specific information given in this helmingr as to exactly what eyri refers to here, one can only assume that the word denotes ‘money’ in general. Hence the combination of allrífum (m. dat. sg.) and eyri (m. dat. sg.) ‘money’ would indicate the meaning ‘acceptable money’; cf. the example from Skarðsárbók: í gulli ok brendu silfri eðr í rífum aurum ‘in gold and burned silver or in acceptable coins’ (Jakob Benediktsson 1958, 194). However, Finnur Jónssons interpretation fits best in the context of the stanza and is adopted in the present edn.

all ‘’

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all- ((prefix)): very

notes

[1-2] allrífum eyri ‘abundant money’: In skaldic poetry the adj. allrífr occurs only here (cf. LP: allrífr), and it was translated by Finnur Jónsson as i rigelig grad tilstede og gærne uddelt, (altså passivt; om penge) ‘plentifully available and gladly distributed (passive meaning; about money)’. In prose texts the adj. rífr means ‘something desirable’ (see Fritzner: rífr), but more often the meaning ‘something acceptable’ can be inferred from the examples given (cf. ONP: rífr). The Old Norse noun derives from Lat. aureus ‘golden’ (a Roman gold coin) and means an ounce (of silver) or ‘money, wealth, coins, currency’ (LP, ONP: eyrir). Since there is no specific information given in this helmingr as to exactly what eyri refers to here, one can only assume that the word denotes ‘money’ in general. Hence the combination of allrífum (m. dat. sg.) and eyri (m. dat. sg.) ‘money’ would indicate the meaning ‘acceptable money’; cf. the example from Skarðsárbók: í gulli ok brendu silfri eðr í rífum aurum ‘in gold and burned silver or in acceptable coins’ (Jakob Benediktsson 1958, 194). However, Finnur Jónssons interpretation fits best in the context of the stanza and is adopted in the present edn.

rífum ‘abundant’

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rífr (adj.; °superl. -astr): fertile, abundant, rash

notes

[1-2] allrífum eyri ‘abundant money’: In skaldic poetry the adj. allrífr occurs only here (cf. LP: allrífr), and it was translated by Finnur Jónsson as i rigelig grad tilstede og gærne uddelt, (altså passivt; om penge) ‘plentifully available and gladly distributed (passive meaning; about money)’. In prose texts the adj. rífr means ‘something desirable’ (see Fritzner: rífr), but more often the meaning ‘something acceptable’ can be inferred from the examples given (cf. ONP: rífr). The Old Norse noun derives from Lat. aureus ‘golden’ (a Roman gold coin) and means an ounce (of silver) or ‘money, wealth, coins, currency’ (LP, ONP: eyrir). Since there is no specific information given in this helmingr as to exactly what eyri refers to here, one can only assume that the word denotes ‘money’ in general. Hence the combination of allrífum (m. dat. sg.) and eyri (m. dat. sg.) ‘money’ would indicate the meaning ‘acceptable money’; cf. the example from Skarðsárbók: í gulli ok brendu silfri eðr í rífum aurum ‘in gold and burned silver or in acceptable coins’ (Jakob Benediktsson 1958, 194). However, Finnur Jónssons interpretation fits best in the context of the stanza and is adopted in the present edn.

skal ‘one must’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

hlífa ‘spare’

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hlífa (verb): protect

orðrakkr ‘The word-bold’

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orðrakkr (adj.): [word-bold]

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] orðrakkr árr flausta ‘the word-bold messenger of ships [SEAFARER]’: This common type of seafarer-kenning is formed according to the pattern ‘man of the ship’ (cf. Eskál Lv 3/1-2^I, Anon Pl 13/7-8^VII; cf. LP: rr 2 and Meissner 88). The adj. orðrakkr ‘word-bold’ in the sense ‘eloquent’ or ‘someone true to one’s word’ serves as a qualifier for ‘seafarer’ here (see Note to [All] above).

ilja ‘of footsoles’

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il (noun f.; °; -jar): footsole

kennings

notes

[3-4] austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’: The adj. austrœnar (f. acc. pl.) can only qualify snekkjur (f. acc. pl.) ‘warships’ (l. 3). and is often used to refer to goods from Norway, seen from an Icelandic point of view (ONP: austrǿnn). Austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’ most likely means here that these are shoes from Norway. Kennings denoting ‘foot’ or ‘shoe(s)’ are attested elsewhere in poetry (Meissner 434), and the noun il f. ‘footsole’ is used as a determinant in several of these (see ÞjóðA Lv 6/6^II, ÞjóðA Lv 8/2^II, Eil Þdr 3/7). A ship-term as the base-word of such a kenning also appears in ÞjóðA Sex 20/7^II hleypikjólar hæls ‘the speeding ships of the heel [SHOES]’. In Skj A, Finnur Jónsson used only ms. 743ˣ, and he emended the reading ‘austrer aser’ to austrœnna (gen. pl.) sér to construe Orðrakkr rr austrœnna flausta ‘The word-bold captain of a Norwegian ship [a Norwegian merchant]’ (Skj B). Finnur’s emendation was adopted by Kock (Skald).

snekkjur ‘warships’

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snekkja (noun f.; °-u; -ur): warship

kennings

notes

[3-4] austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’: The adj. austrœnar (f. acc. pl.) can only qualify snekkjur (f. acc. pl.) ‘warships’ (l. 3). and is often used to refer to goods from Norway, seen from an Icelandic point of view (ONP: austrǿnn). Austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’ most likely means here that these are shoes from Norway. Kennings denoting ‘foot’ or ‘shoe(s)’ are attested elsewhere in poetry (Meissner 434), and the noun il f. ‘footsole’ is used as a determinant in several of these (see ÞjóðA Lv 6/6^II, ÞjóðA Lv 8/2^II, Eil Þdr 3/7). A ship-term as the base-word of such a kenning also appears in ÞjóðA Sex 20/7^II hleypikjólar hæls ‘the speeding ships of the heel [SHOES]’. In Skj A, Finnur Jónsson used only ms. 743ˣ, and he emended the reading ‘austrer aser’ to austrœnna (gen. pl.) sér to construe Orðrakkr rr austrœnna flausta ‘The word-bold captain of a Norwegian ship [a Norwegian merchant]’ (Skj B). Finnur’s emendation was adopted by Kock (Skald).

austrœnar ‘eastern’

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austrœnn (adj.): eastern

[4] austrœnar sér: ‘austrer aser’ 743ˣmarg

kennings

notes

[3-4] austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’: The adj. austrœnar (f. acc. pl.) can only qualify snekkjur (f. acc. pl.) ‘warships’ (l. 3). and is often used to refer to goods from Norway, seen from an Icelandic point of view (ONP: austrǿnn). Austrœnar snekkjur ilja ‘eastern warships of footsoles [SHOES]’ most likely means here that these are shoes from Norway. Kennings denoting ‘foot’ or ‘shoe(s)’ are attested elsewhere in poetry (Meissner 434), and the noun il f. ‘footsole’ is used as a determinant in several of these (see ÞjóðA Lv 6/6^II, ÞjóðA Lv 8/2^II, Eil Þdr 3/7). A ship-term as the base-word of such a kenning also appears in ÞjóðA Sex 20/7^II hleypikjólar hæls ‘the speeding ships of the heel [SHOES]’. In Skj A, Finnur Jónsson used only ms. 743ˣ, and he emended the reading ‘austrer aser’ to austrœnna (gen. pl.) sér to construe Orðrakkr rr austrœnna flausta ‘The word-bold captain of a Norwegian ship [a Norwegian merchant]’ (Skj B). Finnur’s emendation was adopted by Kock (Skald).

sér ‘himself’

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sik (pron.; °gen. sín, dat. sér): (refl. pron.)

[4] austrœnar sér: ‘austrer aser’ 743ˣmarg

flausta ‘of ships’

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flaust (noun n.): ship

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] orðrakkr árr flausta ‘the word-bold messenger of ships [SEAFARER]’: This common type of seafarer-kenning is formed according to the pattern ‘man of the ship’ (cf. Eskál Lv 3/1-2^I, Anon Pl 13/7-8^VII; cf. LP: rr 2 and Meissner 88). The adj. orðrakkr ‘word-bold’ in the sense ‘eloquent’ or ‘someone true to one’s word’ serves as a qualifier for ‘seafarer’ here (see Note to [All] above).