R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2017, ‘Ásgrímr Jónsson, Lausavísa 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 12.
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2. láð (noun n.): earth, land
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2. láð (noun n.): earth, land
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rupla (verb): [are plundering]
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fé (noun n.; °fjár/féar; -): cattle, money
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fríðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): beautiful, fair
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fornbaugr (noun m.): [ancient rings]
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fornbaugr (noun m.): [ancient rings]
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fornbaugr (noun m.): [ancient rings]
[2] hyrdraugar ‘fire-trees’: The mss all read herdraugar ‘army-trees’, which would be unparalleled as a kenning or part-kenning, whereas hyrdraugar, as part of an inverted man- or warrior-kenning, is comparable to hyrlundr ‘fire-tree’ in Karl Lv 2/2V (Svarfd 10) and Anon Pl 16/3VII (though the latter is not fully legible in the ms.). In addition, there does not seem to be any very convincing way to interpret the kenning containing the word if herdraugar is accepted. The emendation appears to have originated with Skj B, and it is accepted by Kock (Skald).
[2] hyrdraugar ‘fire-trees’: The mss all read herdraugar ‘army-trees’, which would be unparalleled as a kenning or part-kenning, whereas hyrdraugar, as part of an inverted man- or warrior-kenning, is comparable to hyrlundr ‘fire-tree’ in Karl Lv 2/2V (Svarfd 10) and Anon Pl 16/3VII (though the latter is not fully legible in the ms.). In addition, there does not seem to be any very convincing way to interpret the kenning containing the word if herdraugar is accepted. The emendation appears to have originated with Skj B, and it is accepted by Kock (Skald).
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1. draugr (noun m.; °; -ar): tree < hyrdraugr (noun m.)
[2] hyrdraugar ‘fire-trees’: The mss all read herdraugar ‘army-trees’, which would be unparalleled as a kenning or part-kenning, whereas hyrdraugar, as part of an inverted man- or warrior-kenning, is comparable to hyrlundr ‘fire-tree’ in Karl Lv 2/2V (Svarfd 10) and Anon Pl 16/3VII (though the latter is not fully legible in the ms.). In addition, there does not seem to be any very convincing way to interpret the kenning containing the word if herdraugar is accepted. The emendation appears to have originated with Skj B, and it is accepted by Kock (Skald).
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
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sœkja (verb): seek, attack < sœkinjǫrðr (noun m.): attack-Njǫrðir
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Njǫrðr (noun m.): Njǫrðr < sœkinjǫrðr (noun m.): attack-Njǫrðir
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sik (pron.; °gen. sín, dat. sér): (refl. pron.)
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vesall (adj.): wretched (w. gen.)
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hesli (noun n.): hazel-tree
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hesli (noun n.): hazel-tree
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hesli (noun n.): hazel-tree
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
The helmingr is cited to illustrate how words for ‘tree’ and similar terms may be used in kennings designating men.
If the compiler understood -draugar ‘trees’ (lit. ‘(tree) trunks’) as the base-word referring to men (and this seems likely, as he offers draugr in the preceding prose as an example of this usage), the helmingr does illustrate the point. Heslis ‘of the hazel-tree’ could be misconstrued as such a base-word (and it is in LaufE), however, though it actually belongs to an (albeit unusual) arm-kenning (see Translation). — Kock (NN §1371) argues that láðs ‘of the land’ (l. 1) should be construed with hyrdraugar fornbauga ‘fire-trees of ancient rings’ (l. 2), yielding the sense ‘trees of the fire of the land of ancient rings [(lit. ‘fire-trees of the land of ancient-rings’) ARM > GOLD > MEN]’. As a consequence, heslis ‘of the hazel-tree’ (l. 4) must be construed with sœki-Njǫrðu sverða ‘attack-Njǫrðs of swords’ (l. 3), but this does not make for a very satisfactory kenning: sœki-Njǫrðu heslis sverða ‘attack-Nirðir of the hazel-tree of swords [WARRIOR > WARRIORS]’.
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