Þul Ara 1^III

Ǫrn, gallópnir         ok andhrímnir,
Hræsvelgr         ok hreggskornir,
egðir, kinnarr,         ari, blindviðnir,
arnkell, gemlir         ok aquila.

Ǫrn, gallópnir ok andhrímnir, Hræsvelgr ok hreggskornir, egðir, kinnarr, ari, blindviðnir, arnkell, gemlir ok aquila.

Eagle, shrill-crier and counter-screamer, Hræsvelgr and storm-cleaver, edged one, one with distinctive cheeks, eagle, blind forest-dweller, old eagle, old one and aquila.

Mss: A(20v), B(9v), 744ˣ(88r) (ll. 1-4) (SnE)

Readings: [1] Ǫrn: ‘[…]vrn’ B, ‘Avrn’ 744ˣ;    ‑ópnir: ‑ofnir A, B    [2] andhrímnir: ‘annd himnir’ B    [5] egðir: so B, ‘æggþær’ A;    kinnarr: so B, ‘kinnarr’ or ‘kumarr’ A    [6] ‑viðnir: ‑vitnir B    [7] gemlir: gelmir B

Editions: Skj AI, 687, Skj BI, 676, Skald I, 341; SnE 1848-87, II, 488, 572.

Notes: [1] gallópnir (m.) ‘shrill-crier’: The first element in this heiti is the adj. gallr ‘shrill, piercing’; the second is derived from óp n. ‘shouting, crying’. The emendation ‑ópnir is supported by the form of this heiti in the list of eagle-heiti in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 92, II, 284) and in skaldic stanzas (the only preserved examples are Eil Þdr 3/7 and Skúli Svǫlðr 1/4 and both have ‑ópnis). The form ‑ofnir recorded in mss A and B has parallels in Þul Óðins 7/4 (Ófnir/Ofnir) and in the name of the rooster Viðofnir in Þul Hana l. 4 (see Note there). It is likely that ‘gallofnir’ in A and B was influenced by these names. — [2] andhrímnir (m.) ‘counter-screamer’: As an eagle-heiti the name perhaps means ‘counter-screamer’ (see Note to Viðhrímnir in Þul Óðins 1/6 and Falk 1924, 33). Andhrímnir (in this case probably lit. ‘sooty-face’) is also known from Old Norse myth, however, where it is the name of the cook who boils the boar Sæhrímnir (see Þul Galtar l. 4 and Note there) in Valhǫll (cf. Grí 18/1-3; SnE 2005, 32). It is impossible to say whether there is any connection between the mythical cook and an eagle (for other instances of change in the referent of mythical names in the þulur, see e.g. sessrúmnir ‘roomy-seater’ in Þul Skipa 1/4 and Gurevich 1992c, 42-7). For the two possible derivations of the word hrímnir, see Notes to Þul Galtar l. 2 and Þul Hjálms 1/4. — [3]: The line is hypometrical. — [3] Hræsvelgr: Lit. ‘corpse-swallower’. According to Vafþr 37/1-3 and Gylf (SnE 2005, 20), Hræsvelgr is a giant í arnar ham ‘in an eagle’s shape’, also listed in Þul Jǫtna I 2/3 (see Note there). Hence the name is mentioned among the heiti for ‘eagle’, but it is never used in poetry with this meaning. — [4] hreggskornir (m.) ‘storm-cleaver’: From hregg n. ‘storm’ and the p. p. of the strong verb skera ‘cleave, cut’ (see AEW: ‑skornir). In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 92) this heiti is accompanied by a skaldic couplet (Anon (SnE) 10). Cf. also undskornir ‘wound-cleaver’ among the eagle-heiti in the same list in Skm (for translations see SnE 1998, II, 318, 417) and in Þul Hauks 2/2 as well as Vingskornir in Þul Hesta 3/2. — [5] egðir (m.) ‘edged one’: This heiti for ‘eagle’ is most likely derived from egg f. ‘edge’ (‘edged one’, i.e. ‘one with sharp claws or beak’; see SnE 1998, II, 262 and AEW: egðir 1). This is also a heiti for ‘wolf’ (see Note to Þul Vargs 1/9). — [5] kinnarr (m.) ‘one with distinctive cheeks’: So B (and possibly A). A hap. leg. and an obscure word. The heiti may be interpreted either as a derivative from kinn f. ‘cheek’ and thus allude to the appearance of the bird (cf. skolkinni ‘dark-cheeked one’, Þul Vargs 1/10) or as a phonetic variant of ginnarr m. ‘deceiver’ (cf. AEW: kinnarr), listed among heiti for ‘eagle’ in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 92, II, 288). The latter word occurs in several þulur (Þul Óðins 1/8, Þul Dverga 4/5 and Þul Hauks 1/5). — [6] blindviðnir (m.) ‘blind forest-dweller’: A hap. leg. According to Falk (1925a, 243), the word is a heiti for ‘falcon’ (‘blindfolded forest-dweller’) erroneously placed in the present þula (cf. ifjungr, ifli, ifill ‘hooded one, blindfolded one, bound’ in Þul Hauks 2/3-4). The first element of the cpd, blind- ‘blind’, must refer to the hood placed over a bird’s head in connection with falconry. The second element, viðnir ‘forest-dweller’, occurs as heiti for ‘hawk’, ‘wolf’ and ‘serpent’ in the þulur; see also elgviðnir ‘elk-forest-dweller’ as a heiti for ‘bear’ (see Note to Þul Bjarnar l. 2). The B variant ‑vitnir ‘watcher’ is also attested in the þulur where it occurs both as a separate word and as an element in compounds. For a discussion of that word, see Note to Þul Vargs 1/2. — [7] arnkell (m.) ‘old eagle’: A hap. leg. The word is possibly derived from *arn‑kall < *arnkarl, ‘old eagle’, whose second element is the same word as karl m. ‘old man’ (so Lie 1982, 345; cf. also the next heiti). The parallelism of this heiti and the m. pers. n. Arnkell (< Arnketill) must be accounted for by homonymy, unless the eagle-name was taken from a now lost story. — [7] gemlir (m.) ‘old one’: This poetic term for ‘eagle’, originally perhaps referring to a one-year-old bird, is derived from the same root as the adj. gamall ‘old’, but with an -ila suffix (cf. gemla f. ‘one-year-old sheep’ < *gamilōn and gemlingr ‘one-year-old wether’). See also Þjóð Haustl 2/3 and Note there. The variant gelmir in B means ‘noise-maker’ (cf. the latter word as a second element in giant-names; see Þul Jǫtna I 2/7 and Note). — [8] aquila: A Latin term for ‘eagle’. On the foreign words in the þulur, see Notes to Þul Tungls ll. 7 and 8 and Introduction to Anon Þulur.

References

1. Bibliography
2. SnE 1848-87 = Snorri Sturluson. 1848-87. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Edda Snorronis Sturlaei. Ed. Jón Sigurðsson et al. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Legatum Arnamagnaeanum. Rpt. Osnabrück: Zeller, 1966.
3. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
4. AEW = Vries, Jan de. 1962. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2nd rev. edn. Rpt. 1977. Leiden: Brill.
5. Gurevich, Elena A. 1992c. ‘Þulur in Skáldskaparmál: An Attempt at Skaldic Lexicology’. ANF 107, 35-52.
6. SnE 1998 = Snorri Sturluson. 1998. Edda: Skáldskaparmál. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2 vols. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
7. SnE 2005 = Snorri Sturluson. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2nd edn. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
8. Falk, Hjalmar. 1924. Odensheite. Skrifter utg. av Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania. II. Hist.-filos. kl. 1924, 10. Kristiania (Oslo): Dybwad.
9. Lie, Hallvard. 1982. Om sagakunst og skaldskap: Utvalgte avhandlinger. Øvre Ervik: Alvheim & Eide.
10. Falk, Hjalmar. 1925a. ‘Die altnordischen Namen der Beizvögel’. In Germanica: Eduard Sievers zum 75. Geburtstage 25. November 1925. Halle (Saale): Niemeyer, 236-46.
11. Internal references
12. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=112> (accessed 25 April 2024)
13. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=113> (accessed 25 April 2024)
14. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Vargs heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 903.
15. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Dverga heiti 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 699.
16. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 732.
17. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 748.
18. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hesta heiti 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 937.
19. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hjálms heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 828.
20. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hauks heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 941.
21. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hauks heiti 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 943.
22. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Skipa heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 861.
23. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Lausavísur, Stanzas from Snorra Edda 10’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 521.
24. Not published: do not cite ()
25. Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Eilífr Goðrúnarson, Þórsdrápa 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 80.
26. Not published: do not cite ()
27. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Bjarnar heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 895. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3213> (accessed 25 April 2024)
28. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Galtar heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 900. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3215> (accessed 25 April 2024)
29. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Tungls heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 911. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3230> (accessed 25 April 2024)
30. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Hana heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 947. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3239> (accessed 25 April 2024)
31. Kate Heslop (ed.) 2017, ‘Skúli Þorsteinsson, Poem about Svǫlðr 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 361.
32. Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.) 2017, ‘Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Haustlǫng 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 434.