Anon Óldr 9^I

Austr ‘east’

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3. austr (adv.; °compar. -ar, superl. -ast): east, in the east

þingat ‘to there’

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þangat (adv.): there, thither

kom ‘came’

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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

yngvi ‘The ruler’

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Yngvi (noun m.): Yngvi, prince

notes

[1] yngvi ‘the ruler’: This is a common ruler-heiti (LP : Yngvi 2), though in some contexts it may also refer specifically to Yngvi, the eponymous ancestor of the Yngling royal line. See further Note to Eyv Hák 1/3 and Introduction to Þjóð Yt.

áðr ‘before’

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áðr (adv.; °//): before

frák ‘I heard’

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1. fregna (verb): hear of

jarl ‘the jarl’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl

notes

[2] jarl ... af hjarli ‘the jarl ... from [his] territory’: Hákon jarl Sigurðarson, the last fully pagan ruler of Norway, was according to Hkr (ÍF 26, 293-7) driven from his jarldom c. 995, fled to Gaulardalr (Gauldalen), and was murdered while hiding in a pigsty, just as Óláfr was sailing in along Trondheimsfjorden. Hjarl therefore appears to refer to Hákon’s territory rather than the land of Norway; cf. the closely similar HSt Rst 7/5-8 and Note.

af ‘from’

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af (prep.): from

hjarli ‘[his] territory’

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hjarl (noun n.): land

kœnn ‘wise’

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2. kœnn (adj.; °superl. kǿnstr/kǿnastr): wise, skilful

[3] kœnn: kœn Bb

notes

[3] kœnn ‘wise’: Ms. kœn is f. nom. sg. or n. nom./acc. pl., but as no noun in the helmingr agrees with either form, emendation is necessary (cf. Note to st. 5/3 ár* on single/double consonant spellings in Bb). Some eds (Skj B, Skald) apply the epithet to Óláfr, rather than Christ, but the syntax is awkward. God is called kœnn several times in later Christian poetry (e.g. Gamlkan Jóndr 1/7^VII, ÁmÁrn Lv 1/3^IV).

með ‘with’

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með (prep.): with

krapti ‘power’

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1. kraftr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/- ; -ar): power

hreinum ‘pure’

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2. hreinn (adj.; °compar. hreinari/hreinni, superl. hreinastr/hreinstr): pure

Kristr ‘Christ’

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Kristr (noun m.; °-s/-, dat. -i; -ar): Christ

tœði ‘helped’

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1. tœja (verb): help, support

notes

[4] tœði ‘helped’: On the placing of the verb, see Introduction.

gram ‘the prince’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

flœðu ‘fled’

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flœja (verb): flee

Ógn ‘The battle’

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ógn (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): terror, battle < ógnmildr (adj.): [battle-liberal]

mildr ‘liberal’

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mildr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -astr): mild, gentle, gracious, generous < ógnmildr (adj.): [battle-liberal]

lét ‘had’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

[5] lét: ‘lęt’ Bb

notes

[5, 8] lét trúu boðna ǫldum ‘had the faith proclaimed to men’: Óláfr Christianized the coastal area of Norway between 996 and 999 as well as Iceland and Greenland (Jón Viðar Sigurðsson 1993, 446). Bb’s ‘lęt’ seems to be a slip for lét ‘let, caused’ (so Skj B; Skald), other instances of which in Óldr are spelt ‘lét’ (sts 12/5, 13/5, 21/5) or ‘let’ (16/1, 16/5). Since ‘ę’ in Bb normally represents normalised <æ> or <œ>, ‘lęt’ could be read as læt and emended to pres. tense lætr ‘lets, causes’. A pres. historic here would be supported by pres.-tense references to Óláfr’s missionary efforts in st. 14/5, 8, which presumably suggest their lasting benefit. However, the clear uses of pret. lét in sts 12/5 and 13/5 also relate to the Conversion, and pret. is the prevailing narrative tense of the poem.

þá ‘then’

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2. þá (adv.): then

ǫldum ‘to men’

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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

notes

[5, 8] lét trúu boðna ǫldum ‘had the faith proclaimed to men’: Óláfr Christianized the coastal area of Norway between 996 and 999 as well as Iceland and Greenland (Jón Viðar Sigurðsson 1993, 446). Bb’s ‘lęt’ seems to be a slip for lét ‘let, caused’ (so Skj B; Skald), other instances of which in Óldr are spelt ‘lét’ (sts 12/5, 13/5, 21/5) or ‘let’ (16/1, 16/5). Since ‘ę’ in Bb normally represents normalised <æ> or <œ>, ‘lęt’ could be read as læt and emended to pres. tense lætr ‘lets, causes’. A pres. historic here would be supported by pres.-tense references to Óláfr’s missionary efforts in st. 14/5, 8, which presumably suggest their lasting benefit. However, the clear uses of pret. lét in sts 12/5 and 13/5 also relate to the Conversion, and pret. is the prevailing narrative tense of the poem.

ǫðlingr ‘prince’

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ǫðlingr (noun m.; °; -ar): prince, ruler

sás ‘who’

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sás (conj.): the one who

gaf ‘gave’

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gefa (verb): give

hringa ‘rings’

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1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword

þjóð ‘the people’

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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people

tók ‘received’

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2. taka (verb): take

glǫð ‘glad’

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2. glaðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): cheerful, glad

við ‘’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

góðum ‘the good’

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góðr (adj.): good

kennings

goðs ‘of God’

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1. guð (noun m.; °***guðrs, guðis, gus): (Christian) God

kennings

notes

[8] ôr goðs ‘emissary of God [MISSIONARY]’: This could be regarded as a simple noun phrase, but the possibility of a missionary-kenning is suggested by siðreynir ‘faith-tester’ in Anon (Kristni) 2/6^IV.

ôr ‘emissary’

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1. árr (noun m.; °dat. ár; ǽrir/árar, acc. áru): messenger

kennings

notes

[8] ôr goðs ‘emissary of God [MISSIONARY]’: This could be regarded as a simple noun phrase, but the possibility of a missionary-kenning is suggested by siðreynir ‘faith-tester’ in Anon (Kristni) 2/6^IV.

trúu ‘the faith’

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1. trúa (noun f.; °trú): faith, belief

[8] trúu: ‘trv’ Bb

notes

[5, 8] lét trúu boðna ǫldum ‘had the faith proclaimed to men’: Óláfr Christianized the coastal area of Norway between 996 and 999 as well as Iceland and Greenland (Jón Viðar Sigurðsson 1993, 446). Bb’s ‘lęt’ seems to be a slip for lét ‘let, caused’ (so Skj B; Skald), other instances of which in Óldr are spelt ‘lét’ (sts 12/5, 13/5, 21/5) or ‘let’ (16/1, 16/5). Since ‘ę’ in Bb normally represents normalised <æ> or <œ>, ‘lęt’ could be read as læt and emended to pres. tense lætr ‘lets, causes’. A pres. historic here would be supported by pres.-tense references to Óláfr’s missionary efforts in st. 14/5, 8, which presumably suggest their lasting benefit. However, the clear uses of pret. lét in sts 12/5 and 13/5 also relate to the Conversion, and pret. is the prevailing narrative tense of the poem. — [8] trúu ‘faith’: The disyllabic (pre-hiatus) acc. sg. form of trúa f., rather than the contracted form trú, is used here as in st. 12/8 for metrical reasons (see ANG §130; Nj 1875-8, II, 261-3).

trúu ‘the faith’

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1. trúa (noun f.; °trú): faith, belief

[8] trúu: ‘trv’ Bb

notes

[5, 8] lét trúu boðna ǫldum ‘had the faith proclaimed to men’: Óláfr Christianized the coastal area of Norway between 996 and 999 as well as Iceland and Greenland (Jón Viðar Sigurðsson 1993, 446). Bb’s ‘lęt’ seems to be a slip for lét ‘let, caused’ (so Skj B; Skald), other instances of which in Óldr are spelt ‘lét’ (sts 12/5, 13/5, 21/5) or ‘let’ (16/1, 16/5). Since ‘ę’ in Bb normally represents normalised <æ> or <œ>, ‘lęt’ could be read as læt and emended to pres. tense lætr ‘lets, causes’. A pres. historic here would be supported by pres.-tense references to Óláfr’s missionary efforts in st. 14/5, 8, which presumably suggest their lasting benefit. However, the clear uses of pret. lét in sts 12/5 and 13/5 also relate to the Conversion, and pret. is the prevailing narrative tense of the poem. — [8] trúu ‘faith’: The disyllabic (pre-hiatus) acc. sg. form of trúa f., rather than the contracted form trú, is used here as in st. 12/8 for metrical reasons (see ANG §130; Nj 1875-8, II, 261-3).

boðna ‘proclaimed’

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bjóða (verb; °býðr; bauð, buðu; boðinn (buð- Thom¹ 5²n.)): offer, order, invite

notes

[5, 8] lét trúu boðna ǫldum ‘had the faith proclaimed to men’: Óláfr Christianized the coastal area of Norway between 996 and 999 as well as Iceland and Greenland (Jón Viðar Sigurðsson 1993, 446). Bb’s ‘lęt’ seems to be a slip for lét ‘let, caused’ (so Skj B; Skald), other instances of which in Óldr are spelt ‘lét’ (sts 12/5, 13/5, 21/5) or ‘let’ (16/1, 16/5). Since ‘ę’ in Bb normally represents normalised <æ> or <œ>, ‘lęt’ could be read as læt and emended to pres. tense lætr ‘lets, causes’. A pres. historic here would be supported by pres.-tense references to Óláfr’s missionary efforts in st. 14/5, 8, which presumably suggest their lasting benefit. However, the clear uses of pret. lét in sts 12/5 and 13/5 also relate to the Conversion, and pret. is the prevailing narrative tense of the poem.