Anon Óldr 7^I

Brunnu ‘burned’

(not checked:)
2. brenna (verb; °brennr/brenn; brann, brunnu; brunninn): (strong, intransitive)

ból ‘Dwellings’

(not checked:)
ból (noun n.; °-s; -): dwelling

en ‘and’

(not checked:)
2. en (conj.): but, and

runnu ‘ran’

(not checked:)
2. renna (verb): run (strong)

bǫl ‘disaster’

(not checked:)
bǫl (noun n.; °-s, dat. bǫlvi): evil

vann ‘caused’

(not checked:)
2. vinna (verb): perform, work

gnógr ‘a powerful’

(not checked:)
gnógr (adj.; °compar. gnógari/gnǿgri, superl. gnógastr/gnǿgstr): abundant

kennings

til ‘to the’

(not checked:)
til (prep.): to

skógar ‘forest’

(not checked:)
skógr (noun m.; °-ar/-s, dat. -i; -ar): forest

lýða ‘of folk’

(not checked:)
lýðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ir): one of the people

sveit ‘the crowd’

(not checked:)
sveit (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): host, company

áðr ‘before’

(not checked:)
áðr (adv.; °//): before

létti ‘it stopped’

(not checked:)
láta (verb): let, have sth done

[3] létti: léti Bb

notes

[3] létti ‘stopped’: This emendation, proposed by Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 9, 20), has been accepted by all subsequent eds. The ms. reading ‘léti’ is most likely the 3rd pers. sg. pret. subj. of láta ‘to let’. The sense would then be something like ‘before it [the fire] died’ (cf. Fritzner: láta 12). However, when láta occurs in this sense it is usually the refl. (látask) or p. p. form (látinn ‘dead’), and there are no parallels for its being applied to a non-human referent. On single/double consonant spellings in Bb, see further Note to st. 5/3 ár*.

lim ‘branch’

(not checked:)
1. lim (noun f.; °; -ar): limb < limgarmr (noun m.): [branch-hound]

kennings

garmr ‘hound’

(not checked:)
garmr (noun m.): dog < limgarmr (noun m.): [branch-hound]

kennings

Skotar ‘Scots’

(not checked:)
Skotr (noun m.): Scot

notes

[4] Skotar ‘Scots’: As for the raids in Ireland mentioned in st. 6, the primary textual witness of Óláfr’s battles with the Scots is Hfr Óldr 6; cf. the later HSt Rst 6.

armir ‘the wretched’

(not checked:)
2. armr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): wretched

ok ‘and’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

hryn ‘of the rushing’

(not checked:)
hrynja (verb): fall, flow < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

hryn ‘of the rushing’

(not checked:)
hrynja (verb): fall, flow < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

hryn ‘of the rushing’

(not checked:)
hrynja (verb): fall, flow < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

slóðar ‘path’

(not checked:)
slóð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path, track < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

slóðar ‘path’

(not checked:)
slóð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path, track < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

slóðar ‘path’

(not checked:)
slóð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path, track < hrynslóð (noun f.)

kennings

heiðinn ‘the heathen’

(not checked:)
heiðinn (adj.): heathen

herr ‘army’

(not checked:)
herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

fyr ‘before’

(not checked:)
fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.

elda ‘of the fires’

(not checked:)
eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire

kennings

elda ‘of the fires’

(not checked:)
eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire

kennings

þverri ‘the diminisher’

(not checked:)
þverrir (noun m.): diminisher

kennings

vǫgnu ‘of the orca’

(not checked:)
vagna (noun f.; °*-u): killer whale, orca

kennings

notes

[7] vǫgnu ‘of the orca’: The rare word vagna f. (also vǫgn f.) ‘orca, killer-whale’ (Orcinus orca) occurs again in st. 28/7.

vǫgnu ‘of the orca’

(not checked:)
vagna (noun f.; °*-u): killer whale, orca

kennings

notes

[7] vǫgnu ‘of the orca’: The rare word vagna f. (also vǫgn f.) ‘orca, killer-whale’ (Orcinus orca) occurs again in st. 28/7.

vǫgnu ‘of the orca’

(not checked:)
vagna (noun f.; °*-u): killer whale, orca

kennings

notes

[7] vǫgnu ‘of the orca’: The rare word vagna f. (also vǫgn f.) ‘orca, killer-whale’ (Orcinus orca) occurs again in st. 28/7.

vítt ‘widely’

(not checked:)
víðr (adj.): far

of ‘’

(not checked:)
4. of (particle): (before verb)

notes

[7-8] of eignaðr Gauti ‘dedicated to Gautr [Óðinn]’: Ms. eignað is not a known form so it is necessary to emend, and eignaðr (m. nom. sg.) ‘dedicated, assigned’ agrees with herr m. ‘army’. The present phrase is equivalent to the more common gefa/senda Óðni ‘to give/send to Óðinn’, a common skaldic expression for death in battle (see Note to Þjsk Hák 1/5, 8). The idea that those slain in battle belong to Óðinn is traditional (Grí 8-10; SnE 2005, 21; Hkr, ÍF 26, 22). It is striking here, in the work of a skald grounded in Christian tradition, but it fits with the (presumably inaccurate) presentation of the Scots as heathen in l. 5.

eignaðr ‘dedicated to’

(not checked:)
eigna (verb; °-að-): acquire

[7] eignaðr: eignað Bb

notes

[7-8] of eignaðr Gauti ‘dedicated to Gautr [Óðinn]’: Ms. eignað is not a known form so it is necessary to emend, and eignaðr (m. nom. sg.) ‘dedicated, assigned’ agrees with herr m. ‘army’. The present phrase is equivalent to the more common gefa/senda Óðni ‘to give/send to Óðinn’, a common skaldic expression for death in battle (see Note to Þjsk Hák 1/5, 8). The idea that those slain in battle belong to Óðinn is traditional (Grí 8-10; SnE 2005, 21; Hkr, ÍF 26, 22). It is striking here, in the work of a skald grounded in Christian tradition, but it fits with the (presumably inaccurate) presentation of the Scots as heathen in l. 5.

vápn ‘weapon’

(not checked:)
vápn (noun n.; °-s; -): weapon < vápnbautinn (adj./verb p.p.)

notes

[8] vápnbautinn ‘weapon-beaten’: The ms. reading ‘-in’ here must be taken as normalised -inn since no noun in the helmingr agrees with ms. vápnbautin, which would be the f. nom. sg. or n. nom./acc. pl. form of this adjectival p. p. There are further instances in the poem where the ms. reads ‘-in’ but the syntax appears to require ‑inn (sts 24/2 rekinn ‘cast’ and 24/3 hǫggvinn ‘slain’), and of the reverse (st. 8/6 fengin ‘provided’). Because such variability in unstressed syllables is common in Old Norse mss, changes are treated as normalisation rather than emendation; the ms. spelling is given in Readings. The handling of single/double consonants in stressed syllables in Bb is also erratic, but in these cases changes are treated as emendations: see Notes to l. 3 above and to st. 5/3 ár*.

bautinn ‘beaten’

(not checked:)
bauta (verb; °-að-): [beaten] < vápnbautinn (adj./verb p.p.)

[8] ‑bautinn: bautin Bb

notes

[8] vápnbautinn ‘weapon-beaten’: The ms. reading ‘-in’ here must be taken as normalised -inn since no noun in the helmingr agrees with ms. vápnbautin, which would be the f. nom. sg. or n. nom./acc. pl. form of this adjectival p. p. There are further instances in the poem where the ms. reads ‘-in’ but the syntax appears to require ‑inn (sts 24/2 rekinn ‘cast’ and 24/3 hǫggvinn ‘slain’), and of the reverse (st. 8/6 fengin ‘provided’). Because such variability in unstressed syllables is common in Old Norse mss, changes are treated as normalisation rather than emendation; the ms. spelling is given in Readings. The handling of single/double consonants in stressed syllables in Bb is also erratic, but in these cases changes are treated as emendations: see Notes to l. 3 above and to st. 5/3 ár*.

fell ‘fell’

(not checked:)
falla (verb): fall

Gauti ‘Gautr’

(not checked:)
2. Gautr (noun m.): Gautr, Óðinn

notes

[7-8] of eignaðr Gauti ‘dedicated to Gautr [Óðinn]’: Ms. eignað is not a known form so it is necessary to emend, and eignaðr (m. nom. sg.) ‘dedicated, assigned’ agrees with herr m. ‘army’. The present phrase is equivalent to the more common gefa/senda Óðni ‘to give/send to Óðinn’, a common skaldic expression for death in battle (see Note to Þjsk Hák 1/5, 8). The idea that those slain in battle belong to Óðinn is traditional (Grí 8-10; SnE 2005, 21; Hkr, ÍF 26, 22). It is striking here, in the work of a skald grounded in Christian tradition, but it fits with the (presumably inaccurate) presentation of the Scots as heathen in l. 5.