Anon Óldr 23I
Kate Heslop (ed.) 2012, ‘Anonymous Poems, Óláfs drápa Tryggvasonar 23’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1054.
Ok ‘And’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
andvǫnum ‘life-lacking’
(not checked:)
1. andvanr (adj.): life-lacking
kennings
andvǫnum sann-Njǫrðungum seima‘life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold ’
= MEN
life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold → MEN
Endils ‘of Endill’
(not checked:)
Endill (noun m.): Endill
kennings
ítrskíð Endils,‘the glorious ski of Endill, ’
= SHIP
the glorious ski of Endill, → SHIP
ítr ‘the glorious’
(not checked:)
ítr (adj.): glorious < ítrskíð (noun n.): [glorious ski]
[2] ítrskíð á: ítr skíða Bb
kennings
ítrskíð Endils,‘the glorious ski of Endill, ’
= SHIP
the glorious ski of Endill, → SHIP
skíð ‘ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski < ítrskíð (noun n.): [glorious ski]
[2] ítrskíð á: ítr skíða Bb
kennings
ítrskíð Endils,‘the glorious ski of Endill, ’
= SHIP
the glorious ski of Endill, → SHIP
dreif ‘drifted’
(not checked:)
2. drífa (verb; °drífr; dreif, drifu; drifinn): drive, rush
síðan ‘afterwards’
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síðan (adv.): later, then
sann ‘true’
(not checked:)
1. sannr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i;): true < sannnjǫrðungr (noun m.)
kennings
andvǫnum sann-Njǫrðungum seima‘life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold ’
= MEN
life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold → MEN
notes
[3] sann-Njǫrðungum ‘true Njǫrðungar <gods>’: The many instances of incorrect word division in Bb’s text make this a trivial emendation. Njǫrðungr appears to be a derivative of the god-name Njǫrðr. It occurs in other warrior-kennings, always in the pl. (LP: njǫrðungar).
Njǫrðungum ‘Njǫrðungar’
(not checked:)
Njǫrðungr (noun m.; °; -ar): one of the Nirðir, Njǫrðungar < sannnjǫrðungr (noun m.)
[3] Njǫrðungum: ‘iordvngvm’ Bb
kennings
andvǫnum sann-Njǫrðungum seima‘life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold ’
= MEN
life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold → MEN
notes
[3] sann-Njǫrðungum ‘true Njǫrðungar <gods>’: The many instances of incorrect word division in Bb’s text make this a trivial emendation. Njǫrðungr appears to be a derivative of the god-name Njǫrðr. It occurs in other warrior-kennings, always in the pl. (LP: njǫrðungar).
seima ‘of gold’
(not checked:)
2. seimr (noun m.; °dat. -i): gold
kennings
andvǫnum sann-Njǫrðungum seima‘life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold ’
= MEN
life-lacking true Njǫrðungar of gold → MEN
notes
[3] seima ‘of gold’: The absence of skothending leads previous eds, following Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 16), to emend to sennu ‘of quarrel’. They suggest this is a battle-heiti, and LP: 1. senna cites two examples of senna f. alone meaning ‘battle’, but at least one is doubtful (in Arn Þorfdr 10/8II; see Note), whereas seimr m. is a common determinant in man-kennings (LP: seimr).
sveif ‘scattered’
(not checked:)
svífa (verb): sweep
notes
[4] sveif ‘drifted’: The verb, inf. svífa, is impersonal, with logical subject in the dat. case.
hundruðum ‘hundreds’
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hundrað (noun n.; °-s; hundruð/-): hundred
undir ‘under’
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undir (prep.): under
svát ‘so that’
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svát (conj.): so that, so as
gló ‘of the gleaming’
(not checked:)
glóa (verb): glow < glójǫrð (noun f.): [gleaming earth]
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
gló ‘of the gleaming’
(not checked:)
glóa (verb): glow < glójǫrð (noun f.): [gleaming earth]
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
jarðar ‘earth’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth < glójǫrð (noun f.): [gleaming earth]
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
jarðar ‘earth’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth < glójǫrð (noun f.): [gleaming earth]
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
gerði ‘it made’
(not checked:)
1. gera (verb): do, make
Gylfa ‘of Gylfi’
(not checked:)
Gylfi (noun m.): Gylfi
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
Gylfa ‘of Gylfi’
(not checked:)
Gylfi (noun m.): Gylfi
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
Gylfa ‘of Gylfi’
(not checked:)
Gylfi (noun m.): Gylfi
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
skíðs ‘of the ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
skíðs ‘of the ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
skíðs ‘of the ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
of ‘across’
(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too
víði ‘the ocean’
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víðir (noun m.): ocean
búkr ‘body’
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búkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): body
hné ‘fell’
(not checked:)
hníga (verb): sink, fall
margr ‘many a’
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2. margr (adj.; °-an): many
fyr ‘before’
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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
mæki ‘the sword’
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mækir (noun m.): sword
mein ‘the going’
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mein (noun n.; °-s; -): harm, injury < meinfœrr (adj.): dangerous
fœrt ‘dangerous’
(not checked:)
fœrr (adj.): capable < meinfœrr (adj.): dangerous
of ‘across’
(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too
notes
[8] of lǫg ‘across the sea’: This phrase could modify either the main clause, as here, in which case it duplicates the sense of of víði ‘across the ocean’, or the intercalary clause in l. 3, in which case it adds to a clause that is already complete, as well as making l. 8 tripartite. The present arrangement is chosen since a phrase meaning ‘across the sea’ is more logically attached to ships than bodies falling before the sword.
lǫg ‘the sea’
(not checked:)
lǫgr (noun m.; °lagar, dat. legi): sea
notes
[8] of lǫg ‘across the sea’: This phrase could modify either the main clause, as here, in which case it duplicates the sense of of víði ‘across the ocean’, or the intercalary clause in l. 3, in which case it adds to a clause that is already complete, as well as making l. 8 tripartite. The present arrangement is chosen since a phrase meaning ‘across the sea’ is more logically attached to ships than bodies falling before the sword.
hreinum ‘for reindeer’
(not checked:)
1. hreinn (noun m.; °; hreinar): reindeer
kennings
hreinum glójarðar skíðs Gylfa‘for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi ’
= SHIPS
the ski of Gylfi → SHIP
the gleaming earth of the SHIP → SEA
for reindeer of the SEA → SHIPS
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Ok andvǫnum Endils |
And life-lacking true Njǫrðungar <gods> of gold [MEN] drifted afterwards in hundreds, scattered under the glorious ski of Endill <sea-king> [SHIP], so that it made the going dangerous across the ocean for reindeer of the gleaming earth of the ski of Gylfi <sea-king> [SHIP > SEA > SHIPS] across the sea; many a body fell before the sword.
[1-4]: Line 2 violates Craigie’s Law (on which, see Gade 1995a, 29-30), since dreif ‘scattering’, in á dreif ‘scattered’ is a long-stemmed noun in position 4 of a Type D4/E-line, which is not otherwise found until the C14th. Dreif could be a verb, ‘drove’, but no analysis of the helmingr accommodates that easily, and there may be corruption. — [5-8]: Like the first helmingr, this may be seriously corrupt. The m. v. gerðisk might have been expected, rather than gerði ‘it made’ (l. 5), and the repetitious of víði, of lǫg ‘across the ocean, across the sea’ (ll. 6, 8) is problematic (see Note to l. 8), as is the ship-kenning with another ship-kenning embedded (ll. 5, 6, 8).
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