Anon Óldr 2^I

Mætr ‘The excellent’

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mætr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -astr): honoured, respected

kennings

hefr ‘has’

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hafa (verb): have

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

minna ‘of lesser’

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3. minni (adj. comp.; °superl. minnstr): less, least

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

látit ‘made’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

mik ‘me’

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ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

stólkonungr ‘emperor’

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stólkonungr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2] stólkonungr ‘emperor’: This term, lit. ‘throne-king’, refers in prose to the Byzantine emperor (Fritzner: stólkonungr; cf. ÞSkegg Hardr 1/3^II stólþengill ‘emperor’, lit. ‘throne-lord’ and Note). Combined with l. 2 sólar ‘of the sun’, it can be construed in two ways (both offered in Meissner 379): as a kenning for God, unusual since ‘lord of the heavens’ is the normal pattern, or as an inverted kenning, konungr stóls sólar ‘king of the throne of the sun [HEAVEN > = God]’ (Skj B; LP). This too would be unusual since the cpd stólkonungr lacks the incongruity characteristic of inverted kennings, which encourages the audience to analyse the structure as inverted.

sólar ‘of the sun’

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sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun

kennings

snjallr ‘valiant’

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snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold

kennings

an ‘than’

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2. an (conj.): than

sómði ‘befitted’

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2. semja (verb): befit

þolli ‘the fir-tree’

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þollr (noun m.): fir-tree

kennings

notes

[3-4] þolli sverðéls ‘the fir-tree of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Óláfr]’: The first of several warrior- or ruler-kennings, throughout the poem, referring to Óláfr Tryggvason. In the remaining stanzas, the referent can be assumed to be Óláfr unless otherwise specified. 

sverð ‘of the sword’

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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðél (noun n.): [a sword-storm]

kennings

notes

[3-4] þolli sverðéls ‘the fir-tree of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Óláfr]’: The first of several warrior- or ruler-kennings, throughout the poem, referring to Óláfr Tryggvason. In the remaining stanzas, the referent can be assumed to be Óláfr unless otherwise specified. 

sverð ‘of the sword’

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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðél (noun n.): [a sword-storm]

kennings

notes

[3-4] þolli sverðéls ‘the fir-tree of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Óláfr]’: The first of several warrior- or ruler-kennings, throughout the poem, referring to Óláfr Tryggvason. In the remaining stanzas, the referent can be assumed to be Óláfr unless otherwise specified. 

éls ‘storm’

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él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < sverðél (noun n.): [a sword-storm]

kennings

notes

[3-4] þolli sverðéls ‘the fir-tree of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Óláfr]’: The first of several warrior- or ruler-kennings, throughout the poem, referring to Óláfr Tryggvason. In the remaining stanzas, the referent can be assumed to be Óláfr unless otherwise specified. 

éls ‘storm’

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él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < sverðél (noun n.): [a sword-storm]

kennings

notes

[3-4] þolli sverðéls ‘the fir-tree of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Óláfr]’: The first of several warrior- or ruler-kennings, throughout the poem, referring to Óláfr Tryggvason. In the remaining stanzas, the referent can be assumed to be Óláfr unless otherwise specified. 

bragar ‘poetry’

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bragr (noun m.; °-ar): poem, poetry

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

verðan ‘worthy’

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3. verðr (adj.): worth, worthy

[4] verðan: verða Bb

notes

[1, 4] hefr látit mik verðan minna bragar ‘has made me worthy of lesser poetry’: Emendation of ms. verða to verðan (m. acc. sg.) ‘worth, worthy’ is suggested in Skj B, and Skald follows. The ms. reading could perhaps be retained and construed látit mik verða minna bragar ‘allowed me to become less of an eloquent person’, but the sense ‘eloquent person’ for bragr, while attested, is rare (ONP: bragr 1; SnE 2005, 25), and the gen. with minna ‘less’ is awkward.

Þó ‘Nevertheless’

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þó (adv.): though

vilk ‘I will’

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vilja (verb): want, intend

Þróttar ‘of Þróttr’

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2. Þróttr (noun m.): Þróttr

[5] Þróttar: þóttar Bb

kennings

notes

[5] Þróttar ‘of Þróttr <= Óðinn>’: This emendation, first proposed by Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 7), seems unavoidable. The ms. reading ‘þottar’ could only be nom. pl. of þóttr/þótti m. ‘thought’, which neither makes sense nor provides a determinant for skýja ‘of the clouds’.

Þróttar ‘of Þróttr’

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2. Þróttr (noun m.): Þróttr

[5] Þróttar: þóttar Bb

kennings

notes

[5] Þróttar ‘of Þróttr <= Óðinn>’: This emendation, first proposed by Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 7), seems unavoidable. The ms. reading ‘þottar’ could only be nom. pl. of þóttr/þótti m. ‘thought’, which neither makes sense nor provides a determinant for skýja ‘of the clouds’.

Þróttar ‘of Þróttr’

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2. Þróttr (noun m.): Þróttr

[5] Þróttar: þóttar Bb

kennings

notes

[5] Þróttar ‘of Þróttr <= Óðinn>’: This emendation, first proposed by Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 7), seems unavoidable. The ms. reading ‘þottar’ could only be nom. pl. of þóttr/þótti m. ‘thought’, which neither makes sense nor provides a determinant for skýja ‘of the clouds’.

skýja ‘of the clouds’

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ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud

kennings

skýja ‘of the clouds’

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ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud

kennings

skýja ‘of the clouds’

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ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud

kennings

þeim ‘the one’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8. — [6] þeim es ‘the one than whom’: The second word in the ms. reads ‘en’, with a superscript abbreviation that is clearly a nasal bar with an extended serif, and this could be expanded as ‘enn’, normalised an ‘than’, hence alfríðri an ‘finer in all respects than’. However, þeim an ‘than whom’ would assume a rel. use of the demonstrative pron. þeim which would be unlikely in the C12th (see NS §261), so that ms. ‘en’ needs instead to be read as a relative. This entails emendation to er, normalised es (so Nj 1875-8, II, 944; Skj A prints er as the actual ms. reading). Alternatively the ms. reading could be normalised to en and assumed to be not so much a corruption requiring emendation as a scribal form of es (see NS §262).

þeim ‘the one’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8. — [6] þeim es ‘the one than whom’: The second word in the ms. reads ‘en’, with a superscript abbreviation that is clearly a nasal bar with an extended serif, and this could be expanded as ‘enn’, normalised an ‘than’, hence alfríðri an ‘finer in all respects than’. However, þeim an ‘than whom’ would assume a rel. use of the demonstrative pron. þeim which would be unlikely in the C12th (see NS §261), so that ms. ‘en’ needs instead to be read as a relative. This entails emendation to er, normalised es (so Nj 1875-8, II, 944; Skj A prints er as the actual ms. reading). Alternatively the ms. reading could be normalised to en and assumed to be not so much a corruption requiring emendation as a scribal form of es (see NS §262).

es ‘than whom’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[6] es: en Bb

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8. — [6] þeim es ‘the one than whom’: The second word in the ms. reads ‘en’, with a superscript abbreviation that is clearly a nasal bar with an extended serif, and this could be expanded as ‘enn’, normalised an ‘than’, hence alfríðri an ‘finer in all respects than’. However, þeim an ‘than whom’ would assume a rel. use of the demonstrative pron. þeim which would be unlikely in the C12th (see NS §261), so that ms. ‘en’ needs instead to be read as a relative. This entails emendation to er, normalised es (so Nj 1875-8, II, 944; Skj A prints er as the actual ms. reading). Alternatively the ms. reading could be normalised to en and assumed to be not so much a corruption requiring emendation as a scribal form of es (see NS §262).

es ‘than whom’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[6] es: en Bb

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8. — [6] þeim es ‘the one than whom’: The second word in the ms. reads ‘en’, with a superscript abbreviation that is clearly a nasal bar with an extended serif, and this could be expanded as ‘enn’, normalised an ‘than’, hence alfríðri an ‘finer in all respects than’. However, þeim an ‘than whom’ would assume a rel. use of the demonstrative pron. þeim which would be unlikely in the C12th (see NS §261), so that ms. ‘en’ needs instead to be read as a relative. This entails emendation to er, normalised es (so Nj 1875-8, II, 944; Skj A prints er as the actual ms. reading). Alternatively the ms. reading could be normalised to en and assumed to be not so much a corruption requiring emendation as a scribal form of es (see NS §262).

engr ‘no-one’

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2. engi (pron.): no, none

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8.

vas ‘was’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8.

beima ‘among men’

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beimi (noun m.; °; -ar): man

notes

[6]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/8.

eld ‘of the fire’

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eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire < eldveitandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[7] eldveitanda ‘offerer of the fire (lit. ‘fire-offerer’)’: Once again, emendation is needed, to provide an indirect object for smíða ‘craft’ and a dat. noun to agree with the adj. ítrum ‘splendid’.

eld ‘of the fire’

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eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire < eldveitandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[7] eldveitanda ‘offerer of the fire (lit. ‘fire-offerer’)’: Once again, emendation is needed, to provide an indirect object for smíða ‘craft’ and a dat. noun to agree with the adj. ítrum ‘splendid’.

veitanda ‘offerer’

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veitandi (noun m.; °-a; veitendr): granter < eldveitandi (noun m.)

[7] ‑veitanda: ‑veitandi Bb

kennings

notes

[7] eldveitanda ‘offerer of the fire (lit. ‘fire-offerer’)’: Once again, emendation is needed, to provide an indirect object for smíða ‘craft’ and a dat. noun to agree with the adj. ítrum ‘splendid’.

ítrum ‘for the splendid’

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ítr (adj.): glorious

al ‘finer’

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al- ((prefix)): very < alfríðr (adj.): very fine

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6. — [8] alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’: The prefix al- usually means ‘altogether, completely’ (ONP: al-), but Konráð Gíslason (1895-7, I, 198) argued that al- here must mean ‘generally’, hence alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’ rather than the meaningless ‘completely finer’.

al ‘finer’

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al- ((prefix)): very < alfríðr (adj.): very fine

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6. — [8] alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’: The prefix al- usually means ‘altogether, completely’ (ONP: al-), but Konráð Gíslason (1895-7, I, 198) argued that al- here must mean ‘generally’, hence alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’ rather than the meaningless ‘completely finer’.

fríðri ‘in all respects’

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fríðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): beautiful, fair < alfríðr (adj.): very fine

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6. — [8] alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’: The prefix al- usually means ‘altogether, completely’ (ONP: al-), but Konráð Gíslason (1895-7, I, 198) argued that al- here must mean ‘generally’, hence alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’ rather than the meaningless ‘completely finer’.

fríðri ‘in all respects’

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fríðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): beautiful, fair < alfríðr (adj.): very fine

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6. — [8] alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’: The prefix al- usually means ‘altogether, completely’ (ONP: al-), but Konráð Gíslason (1895-7, I, 198) argued that al- here must mean ‘generally’, hence alfríðri ‘finer in all respects’ rather than the meaningless ‘completely finer’.

lof ‘praise’

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lof (noun n.; °-s; -): praise, leave, permission

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6.

smíða ‘craft’

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smíða (verb): craft

notes

[8]: This line is very similar to HSt Rst 1/6.