Anon Óldr 11^I

Ok ‘And’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

fimm ‘five’

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fimm (num. cardinal): five

notes

[1, 2, 4] vann kristin fimm lǫnd ‘made five lands Christian’: That is, Norway, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland and Greenland, listed in sts 12 and 13; see Note to st. 12 [All]. The Christianizing of five lands is also the subject of HSt Rst 10-11.

sás ‘he who’

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sás (conj.): the one who

gaf ‘gave’

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gefa (verb): give

gumnum ‘men’

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gumi (noun m.; °-a; gumar/gumnar): man

gló ‘the gleaming’

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glóa (verb): glow < Glólisti (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

Lista ‘Lista’

(not checked:)
Listi (noun m.): [Lista] < Glólisti (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

vann ‘made’

(not checked:)
2. vinna (verb): perform, work

notes

[1, 2, 4] vann kristin fimm lǫnd ‘made five lands Christian’: That is, Norway, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland and Greenland, listed in sts 12 and 13; see Note to st. 12 [All]. The Christianizing of five lands is also the subject of HSt Rst 10-11.

kristin ‘Christian’

(not checked:)
kristinn (adj.; °superl. kristnastr): Christian

notes

[1, 2, 4] vann kristin fimm lǫnd ‘made five lands Christian’: That is, Norway, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland and Greenland, listed in sts 12 and 13; see Note to st. 12 [All]. The Christianizing of five lands is also the subject of HSt Rst 10-11.

ljót ‘of the ugly’

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ljótr (adj.): ugly < ljótbrýnandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

ljót ‘of the ugly’

(not checked:)
ljótr (adj.): ugly < ljótbrýnandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

brýnanda ‘edging’

(not checked:)
brýnandi (noun m.; °-nd-): edging < ljótbrýnandi (noun m.)

[3] ‑brýnanda: ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ Bb

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

brýnanda ‘edging’

(not checked:)
brýnandi (noun m.; °-nd-): edging < ljótbrýnandi (noun m.)

[3] ‑brýnanda: ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ Bb

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

lautar ‘of the dale’

(not checked:)
laut (noun f.): dell, hollow

[3] lautar: ‘lꜹtan’ Bb

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

lautar ‘of the dale’

(not checked:)
laut (noun f.): dell, hollow

[3] lautar: ‘lꜹtan’ Bb

kennings

notes

[2, 3] gló-Lista ljótbrýnanda lautar ‘the gleaming Lista of the ugly edging of the dale [= Miðgarðsormr > GOLD]’: It is clear from the context that this is a gold-kenning, and equally that the meaningless ‘birnandir’ or ‘birnandiz’ must be emended. Three different gold-kennings have been proposed: two on the pattern ‘land of the serpent’, and one on the pattern ‘fire of the sea’. (a) The solution adopted above follows Kock (NN §2116), who proposes emending to brýnanda ‘of the edging’, gen. of an otherwise unattested participial noun brýnandi m., from brýna ‘to edge’, itself derived from brún f. ‘brow, edge, sea-shore’. The ‘ugly edging’ of the land (laut f. ‘dale’, a common land-heiti) is the Miðgarðsormr (or Jǫrmungandr), the encircling World Serpent (see SnE 2005, 27, 50), here standing for a generic ‘serpent’, and Lista stands for ‘land’ in general. The traditional land or lair of a serpent is gold (cf. other gold-kennings alluding to the Miðgarðsormr: Hallv Knútdr 5/2^III leið holmfjǫturs ‘path of the islet-fetter’ and Anon Pl 50/5, 6, 7^VII látr undins fránbaugs jarðar ‘ground of the twisted, shining ring of the earth’). The verbal element gló-, typically applied to gold (LP), gives an extra hint as to the meaning of this complex kenning. (b) Skj B emends ‘birnandiz’ to girðanda ‘girdling’; the ‘ugly girdling of the dale’ is again the Miðgarðsormr. While not implausible, this is a more radical emendation and yields a lectio facilior, so is not adopted here. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1832, 11) and Gullberg (1875) emend to brennandi m. or f. ‘burning one’, and take glólista as ‘gleaming edge’ (from listi m. ‘selvage, edge’); the ‘dale’s gleaming edge’ is the sea, and the ‘burning one of the sea’, gold. But listi m. is late and rare, while the earlier form is lista f. (CVC: lista), and brennandi meaning ‘fire’ lacks parallels (cf. ONP: brennandi m.).

lǫnd ‘lands’

(not checked:)
land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land

notes

[1, 2, 4] vann kristin fimm lǫnd ‘made five lands Christian’: That is, Norway, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland and Greenland, listed in sts 12 and 13; see Note to st. 12 [All]. The Christianizing of five lands is also the subject of HSt Rst 10-11.

él ‘of the storm’

(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < élboði (noun m.)

kennings

él ‘of the storm’

(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < élboði (noun m.)

kennings

boði ‘the offerer’

(not checked:)
boði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): messenger, breaker < élboði (noun m.)

kennings

Gǫndlar ‘of Gǫndul’

(not checked:)
2. Gǫndul (noun f.): Gǫndul

[4] Gǫndlar: ‘gvndlar’ Bb

kennings

notes

[4] Gǫndlar ‘of Gǫndul <valkyrie>’: A minor emendation restores aðalhending (lǫnd : Gǫnd-) and the usual form of the valkyrie-name.

Gǫndlar ‘of Gǫndul’

(not checked:)
2. Gǫndul (noun f.): Gǫndul

[4] Gǫndlar: ‘gvndlar’ Bb

kennings

notes

[4] Gǫndlar ‘of Gǫndul <valkyrie>’: A minor emendation restores aðalhending (lǫnd : Gǫnd-) and the usual form of the valkyrie-name.

Hvern ‘What’

(not checked:)
2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every

kennings

viti ‘know to’

(not checked:)
1. vita (verb): know

hjalma ‘of helmets’

(not checked:)
1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet

kennings

þornar ‘thorn-trees’

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1. þorn (noun m.; °; -ar): thorn

kennings

hann ‘He’

(not checked:)
hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

vas ‘was’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

ríkstr ‘the mightiest’

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ríkr (adj.): mighty, powerful, rich

konung ‘of kingly’

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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king < konungmaðr (noun m.): king

manna ‘men’

(not checked:)
maðr (noun m.): man, person < konungmaðr (noun m.): king

elda ‘of swords’

(not checked:)
eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire

kennings

notes

[7] runn elda ‘bush of swords [WARRIOR]’: Elda is gen. pl. of eldr m. ‘fire’, but here a weapon-heiti, as in Hfr ErfÓl 6/4 (see Note). Skj B emends to odda ‘of points’ to yield a conventional warrior-kenning here, and similarly in Arn Þorfdr 20/6^II (see Note), but neither emendation is necessary.

runn ‘bush’

(not checked:)
runnr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): bush, tree

kennings

notes

[7] runn elda ‘bush of swords [WARRIOR]’: Elda is gen. pl. of eldr m. ‘fire’, but here a weapon-heiti, as in Hfr ErfÓl 6/4 (see Note). Skj B emends to odda ‘of points’ to yield a conventional warrior-kenning here, and similarly in Arn Þorfdr 20/6^II (see Note), but neither emendation is necessary.

es ‘who’

(not checked:)
2. er (conj.): who, which, when

unni ‘loved’

(not checked:)
1. unna (verb): love

notes

[7] unni ‘loved’: The presence of aðalhending (runn : unni) in an odd line leads some previous eds (Skj; Skald) to emend unni ‘loved’ to ynni ‘might achieve’ (3rd pers. sg. pret. subj. of vinna), but this minor metrical licence is frequent in Óldr (see Introduction).

eljun ‘enterprise’

(not checked:)
eljun (noun f.; °eljunar): energy

notes

[8] eljun slíkt ‘enterprise in such a way’: Slíkt (n. nom./acc. sg.) ‘such’ is taken here as an adv., ‘in such a way’. Slík (f. nom. sg.) might have been expected, qualifying eljun ‘enterprise’, which is normally f. (LP: eljun), and it is possible that slíkt arose in error through the word being taken as object of telja (slíkt at telja ‘to mention such a thing’). Kock (NN §196) instead takes the noun as eljan n., arguing that the Gmc cognates are n. Skj B takes eljun-ríkstr ‘most dynamic’ as a cpd with tmesis.

slíkt ‘in such a way’

(not checked:)
2. slíkr (adj.): such

notes

[8] eljun slíkt ‘enterprise in such a way’: Slíkt (n. nom./acc. sg.) ‘such’ is taken here as an adv., ‘in such a way’. Slík (f. nom. sg.) might have been expected, qualifying eljun ‘enterprise’, which is normally f. (LP: eljun), and it is possible that slíkt arose in error through the word being taken as object of telja (slíkt at telja ‘to mention such a thing’). Kock (NN §196) instead takes the noun as eljan n., arguing that the Gmc cognates are n. Skj B takes eljun-ríkstr ‘most dynamic’ as a cpd with tmesis.

at ‘do’

(not checked:)
5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

telja ‘mention’

(not checked:)
telja (verb): tell, count