Anon Gyð 2^VII

Út ‘Out’

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út (adv.): out(side)

var ‘there was’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

einn ‘a certain’

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2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone

kennings

sá ‘one’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

er ‘who’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

veita ‘to grant’

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2. veita (verb): grant, give

unn ‘wave’

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2. unnr (noun f.): wave < unnleygr (noun m.)

[2] unnleyg*: ‘vnn[...]eygs’ B, BFJ, vnnleygs 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg

kennings

leyg* ‘flame’

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1. leygr (noun m.): flame < unnleygr (noun m.)

[2] unnleyg*: ‘vnn[...]eygs’ B, BFJ, vnnleygs 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg

kennings

firum ‘men’

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firar (noun m.): men

kunni ‘knew how’

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kunna (verb): know, can, be able

beitir ‘steerer’

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beitir (noun m.): steerer

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

bráðra ‘of the swift’

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bráðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): quick(ly)

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

bráðra ‘of the swift’

(not checked:)
bráðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): quick(ly)

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

sóta ‘steeds’

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sóti (noun m.; °-a): steed, Sóti

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

sóta ‘steeds’

(not checked:)
sóti (noun m.; °-a): steed, Sóti

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

barðs ‘of the prow’

(not checked:)
barð (noun n.): prow, stern (of a ship)

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

barðs ‘of the prow’

(not checked:)
barð (noun n.): prow, stern (of a ship)

kennings

notes

[3-4] beitir bráðra sóta barðs ‘steerer of the swift steeds of the prow’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj B), followed by Kock in Skald, emends to bræddra barða, and presumably construes the man-kenning beitir bræddra sóta barða ‘steerer of the tarred steeds of the ship’. His emendation of B’s ‘bardz’ (l. 4) to barða, gen. sg. of m. barði ‘ship’ is unnecessary, however, since barðs may be interpreted as gen. sg. of n. barð ‘beak, prow’, which occurs frequently in ship-kennings (LP: barð – the inclusion of a reference to barðs sóti in the first, 1916 edn of LP suggests that at that time Finnur believed B to be correct here). Finnur’s correction of the adj. to bræddra in Skj B and LP: 2. bræða ‘to tar’, though drastic, is rather happier, though it is possible to make sense of B’s bráðra by taking it as the gen. pl. of bráðr ‘swift, eager, sudden’ agreeing with sóta.

í ‘in’

(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into

Miklagarði ‘Constantinople’

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Miklagarðr (noun m.): [Constantinople]

[4] Miklagarði: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘micla[...]di’ B, ‘micla[...]ardi’ BRydberg, BFJ

notes

[4] Miklagarði (dat.): Constantinople or Byzantium, modern Istanbul.

Fúr ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
fúrr (noun m.): fire < fúrbrigðir (noun m.)

[5] Fúrbrigðir: ‘f(a)rbrigdir’(?) BRydberg, ‘fyrbrigdir’ BFJ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] Hlies fúrbrigðir ‘Hlér’s fire-spreader [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: B is badly torn, and most of the first word of l. 7 (fol. 14v, l. 14) is lost. Initial <h> is confirmed by the alliterative pattern. Rydberg reads the last two letters ‘e᷎s’, interpreting hræs gen. sg. of n. hræ ‘carrion, scraps’. A diacritic of some kind is visible, but it might just as well be an accent as a hook. Similarly, fúrbrigðir suffers from manuscript cracking and wearing, but the second letter is <u>, not, as Rydberg reads it, <a> or <y> (so BFJ). Brigðir is an acceptable base-word in a man-kenning with determinant meaning ‘gold’ or something similar. This edn follows Skj B in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggested reconstruction (made in a note to 444ˣ) of the first word of l. 7 to Hlies (earlier Hlés), gen. sg. of Hlér m. which is given as an alternative name for Ægir, a sea-god, in the opening l. of Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1). ‘Hlér’s fire’ thus becomes a gold-kenning on a familiar ‘fire of the sea-god’ pattern (Meissner, 225). Rydberg’s prose arrangement reconstructs the man-kenning fárbrigðir hræs ‘drawer of the enemy of the corpse, drawer of the sword’.

Fúr ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
fúrr (noun m.): fire < fúrbrigðir (noun m.)

[5] Fúrbrigðir: ‘f(a)rbrigdir’(?) BRydberg, ‘fyrbrigdir’ BFJ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] Hlies fúrbrigðir ‘Hlér’s fire-spreader [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: B is badly torn, and most of the first word of l. 7 (fol. 14v, l. 14) is lost. Initial <h> is confirmed by the alliterative pattern. Rydberg reads the last two letters ‘e᷎s’, interpreting hræs gen. sg. of n. hræ ‘carrion, scraps’. A diacritic of some kind is visible, but it might just as well be an accent as a hook. Similarly, fúrbrigðir suffers from manuscript cracking and wearing, but the second letter is <u>, not, as Rydberg reads it, <a> or <y> (so BFJ). Brigðir is an acceptable base-word in a man-kenning with determinant meaning ‘gold’ or something similar. This edn follows Skj B in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggested reconstruction (made in a note to 444ˣ) of the first word of l. 7 to Hlies (earlier Hlés), gen. sg. of Hlér m. which is given as an alternative name for Ægir, a sea-god, in the opening l. of Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1). ‘Hlér’s fire’ thus becomes a gold-kenning on a familiar ‘fire of the sea-god’ pattern (Meissner, 225). Rydberg’s prose arrangement reconstructs the man-kenning fárbrigðir hræs ‘drawer of the enemy of the corpse, drawer of the sword’.

brigðir ‘spreader’

(not checked:)
brigðir (noun m.): spreader, breaker < fúrbrigðir (noun m.)

[5] Fúrbrigðir: ‘f(a)rbrigdir’(?) BRydberg, ‘fyrbrigdir’ BFJ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] Hlies fúrbrigðir ‘Hlér’s fire-spreader [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: B is badly torn, and most of the first word of l. 7 (fol. 14v, l. 14) is lost. Initial <h> is confirmed by the alliterative pattern. Rydberg reads the last two letters ‘e᷎s’, interpreting hræs gen. sg. of n. hræ ‘carrion, scraps’. A diacritic of some kind is visible, but it might just as well be an accent as a hook. Similarly, fúrbrigðir suffers from manuscript cracking and wearing, but the second letter is <u>, not, as Rydberg reads it, <a> or <y> (so BFJ). Brigðir is an acceptable base-word in a man-kenning with determinant meaning ‘gold’ or something similar. This edn follows Skj B in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggested reconstruction (made in a note to 444ˣ) of the first word of l. 7 to Hlies (earlier Hlés), gen. sg. of Hlér m. which is given as an alternative name for Ægir, a sea-god, in the opening l. of Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1). ‘Hlér’s fire’ thus becomes a gold-kenning on a familiar ‘fire of the sea-god’ pattern (Meissner, 225). Rydberg’s prose arrangement reconstructs the man-kenning fárbrigðir hræs ‘drawer of the enemy of the corpse, drawer of the sword’.

vann ‘succeeded’

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2. vinna (verb): perform, work

frægðar ‘fame’

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frægð (noun f.): fame

fjöl ‘The very’

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2. fjǫl (noun n.): very < fjǫlmætr (adj.)

kennings

mætr ‘distinguished’

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mætr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -astr): honoured, respected < fjǫlmætr (adj.)

kennings

og ‘and’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

ágætis ‘glory’

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ágæti (noun n.; °-s; -): fame, excellence

Hlies ‘of Hlér’

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Hlér (noun m.): Hlér

[7] Hlies: ‘[...]es’ all

kennings

notes

[5, 7] Hlies fúrbrigðir ‘Hlér’s fire-spreader [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: B is badly torn, and most of the first word of l. 7 (fol. 14v, l. 14) is lost. Initial <h> is confirmed by the alliterative pattern. Rydberg reads the last two letters ‘e᷎s’, interpreting hræs gen. sg. of n. hræ ‘carrion, scraps’. A diacritic of some kind is visible, but it might just as well be an accent as a hook. Similarly, fúrbrigðir suffers from manuscript cracking and wearing, but the second letter is <u>, not, as Rydberg reads it, <a> or <y> (so BFJ). Brigðir is an acceptable base-word in a man-kenning with determinant meaning ‘gold’ or something similar. This edn follows Skj B in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggested reconstruction (made in a note to 444ˣ) of the first word of l. 7 to Hlies (earlier Hlés), gen. sg. of Hlér m. which is given as an alternative name for Ægir, a sea-god, in the opening l. of Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1). ‘Hlér’s fire’ thus becomes a gold-kenning on a familiar ‘fire of the sea-god’ pattern (Meissner, 225). Rydberg’s prose arrangement reconstructs the man-kenning fárbrigðir hræs ‘drawer of the enemy of the corpse, drawer of the sword’.

Hlies ‘of Hlér’

(not checked:)
Hlér (noun m.): Hlér

[7] Hlies: ‘[...]es’ all

kennings

notes

[5, 7] Hlies fúrbrigðir ‘Hlér’s fire-spreader [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: B is badly torn, and most of the first word of l. 7 (fol. 14v, l. 14) is lost. Initial <h> is confirmed by the alliterative pattern. Rydberg reads the last two letters ‘e᷎s’, interpreting hræs gen. sg. of n. hræ ‘carrion, scraps’. A diacritic of some kind is visible, but it might just as well be an accent as a hook. Similarly, fúrbrigðir suffers from manuscript cracking and wearing, but the second letter is <u>, not, as Rydberg reads it, <a> or <y> (so BFJ). Brigðir is an acceptable base-word in a man-kenning with determinant meaning ‘gold’ or something similar. This edn follows Skj B in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggested reconstruction (made in a note to 444ˣ) of the first word of l. 7 to Hlies (earlier Hlés), gen. sg. of Hlér m. which is given as an alternative name for Ægir, a sea-god, in the opening l. of Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1). ‘Hlér’s fire’ thus becomes a gold-kenning on a familiar ‘fire of the sea-god’ pattern (Meissner, 225). Rydberg’s prose arrangement reconstructs the man-kenning fárbrigðir hræs ‘drawer of the enemy of the corpse, drawer of the sword’.

við ‘from’

(not checked:)
2. við (prep.): with, against

hirði ‘the guardian’

(not checked:)
hirða (verb): hide, care for < hirðiáss (noun m.)

kennings

ásu ‘gods’

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2. Áss (noun m.; °áss, dat. ási/ás; ásar): god < hirðiáss (noun m.)

kennings

haf ‘of the wave’

(not checked:)
haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < hafleygr (noun m.): ocean-flame

[8] hafleygjar: ‘[...]fle[...]iar’ all

kennings

notes

[8] hafleygjar ‘of the wave-flame [GOLD]’: Sveinbjörn Egilsson (note to 444ˣ) suggests reconstruction to hafleygjar, and this has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

haf ‘of the wave’

(not checked:)
haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < hafleygr (noun m.): ocean-flame

[8] hafleygjar: ‘[...]fle[...]iar’ all

kennings

notes

[8] hafleygjar ‘of the wave-flame [GOLD]’: Sveinbjörn Egilsson (note to 444ˣ) suggests reconstruction to hafleygjar, and this has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

leygjar ‘flame’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame < hafleygr (noun m.): ocean-flame

[8] hafleygjar: ‘[...]fle[...]iar’ all

kennings

notes

[8] hafleygjar ‘of the wave-flame [GOLD]’: Sveinbjörn Egilsson (note to 444ˣ) suggests reconstruction to hafleygjar, and this has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

leygjar ‘flame’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame < hafleygr (noun m.): ocean-flame

[8] hafleygjar: ‘[...]fle[...]iar’ all

kennings

notes

[8] hafleygjar ‘of the wave-flame [GOLD]’: Sveinbjörn Egilsson (note to 444ˣ) suggests reconstruction to hafleygjar, and this has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

sier ‘for himself’

(not checked:)
sik (pron.; °gen. sín, dat. sér): (refl. pron.)

aflað ‘in earning’

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afla (verb; °-að-): to gain, earn, procure, acquire