Hannah Burrows (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Poems, Gátur 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 635.
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2. þá (adv.): then
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2. sjá (verb): see
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ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me
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fljúga (verb): fly
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þriði (num. ordinal): third
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2. sinni (noun n.; °-s;): time, occasion; company, following
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silki (noun n.): silk
[3] saumat silki ‘sewn silk’: The clue resolves to tjald (n.) ‘tapestry’ or ‘bedhangings’, a homonym of tjaldr (m.) ‘oystercatcher’, Hæmatopus ostralegus (Þul Fugla 4/5). Árni Magnússon has added this solution above the line in 743ˣ.
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sauma (verb): sew
[3] saumat silki ‘sewn silk’: The clue resolves to tjald (n.) ‘tapestry’ or ‘bedhangings’, a homonym of tjaldr (m.) ‘oystercatcher’, Hæmatopus ostralegus (Þul Fugla 4/5). Árni Magnússon has added this solution above the line in 743ˣ.
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
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sœnskr (adj.): Swedish
[4] sænska menn ‘Swedish men’: In LP: sœnskr and Skj B, Finnur Jónsson suggests Helsingjar, inhabitants of Hälsingland (ON Helsingjaland), a district in Sweden, and helsingjar ‘barnacle geese’, which seems to be the likely solution. See Notes to Gát 2/5, above, and Þul Sverða 8/7. Ms. 743ˣ is not annotated here, but 1562ˣ glosses svanir ‘swans’, printed in SnE 1848, though how this fits the clue is not clear.
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
[4] sænska menn ‘Swedish men’: In LP: sœnskr and Skj B, Finnur Jónsson suggests Helsingjar, inhabitants of Hälsingland (ON Helsingjaland), a district in Sweden, and helsingjar ‘barnacle geese’, which seems to be the likely solution. See Notes to Gát 2/5, above, and Þul Sverða 8/7. Ms. 743ˣ is not annotated here, but 1562ˣ glosses svanir ‘swans’, printed in SnE 1848, though how this fits the clue is not clear.
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Gunnlaugr (noun m.): Gunnlaugr
[5] bana Gunnlaugs ‘Gunnlaugr’s slayer’: In Gunnlaugs saga, the eponymous hero Gunnlaugr ormstunga ‘Serpent-tongue’ is killed in a duel by his opponent, Hrafn (hrafn ‘raven’). The solution is added above the line in 1562ˣ.
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bani (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death, killer
[5] bana Gunnlaugs ‘Gunnlaugr’s slayer’: In Gunnlaugs saga, the eponymous hero Gunnlaugr ormstunga ‘Serpent-tongue’ is killed in a duel by his opponent, Hrafn (hrafn ‘raven’). The solution is added above the line in 1562ˣ.
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goð (noun n.): (pagan) god
[6] brenni goða ‘burner of gods’: In 743ˣ Árni Magnússon has added the note Már brenndi goðin ‘Már burnt the gods’, and 1562ˣ also has the gloss Már. Már is ‘seagull’ (Þul Fugla 1/8 and 7/4) and also a pers. n. but any other details about the incident referred to are now lost. Lbs 1199 4°ˣ and Lbs 756 4°ˣ claim Már brenndi goðin, les Kjalnesinga sǫgu ‘Már burnt the gods, read Kjalnesinga saga’, but in the extant version it is Búi Andríðsson, one of the major characters, who burns the temple. There is no extant text of the saga that mentions anyone called Már, and Búi is mockingly nicknamed hundr ‘dog’, but not anything to do with birds. There are also temple- and idol-burnings in Friðþjófs saga, Njáls saga, Ǫrvar-Odds saga, Harðar saga, Hrafnkels saga and Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, but none of the perpetrators (Friðþjófr, Hrappr, Oddr, Þorgeirr, Grímkell, and Óláfr respectively) share their names with birds (although Lbs 1116 4°ˣ does suggest ‘Hrapp’). In Hallfreðar saga (ch. 4, ÍF 8, 146) Már Jǫrundsson, who also appears in Ldn, Vatn and HrHalt, is nicknamed Blót-Már ‘Sacrifice-Már’ and described as allheiðinn ‘completely heathen’ in Hfr Lv 1/4V (Hallfr 2), but this seems to be rather the opposite of what is required, since he would presumably then worship idols of the gods, not burn them.
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brennir (noun m.; °dat. & acc. -): [burner]
[6] brenni goða ‘burner of gods’: In 743ˣ Árni Magnússon has added the note Már brenndi goðin ‘Már burnt the gods’, and 1562ˣ also has the gloss Már. Már is ‘seagull’ (Þul Fugla 1/8 and 7/4) and also a pers. n. but any other details about the incident referred to are now lost. Lbs 1199 4°ˣ and Lbs 756 4°ˣ claim Már brenndi goðin, les Kjalnesinga sǫgu ‘Már burnt the gods, read Kjalnesinga saga’, but in the extant version it is Búi Andríðsson, one of the major characters, who burns the temple. There is no extant text of the saga that mentions anyone called Már, and Búi is mockingly nicknamed hundr ‘dog’, but not anything to do with birds. There are also temple- and idol-burnings in Friðþjófs saga, Njáls saga, Ǫrvar-Odds saga, Harðar saga, Hrafnkels saga and Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, but none of the perpetrators (Friðþjófr, Hrappr, Oddr, Þorgeirr, Grímkell, and Óláfr respectively) share their names with birds (although Lbs 1116 4°ˣ does suggest ‘Hrapp’). In Hallfreðar saga (ch. 4, ÍF 8, 146) Már Jǫrundsson, who also appears in Ldn, Vatn and HrHalt, is nicknamed Blót-Már ‘Sacrifice-Már’ and described as allheiðinn ‘completely heathen’ in Hfr Lv 1/4V (Hallfr 2), but this seems to be rather the opposite of what is required, since he would presumably then worship idols of the gods, not burn them.
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kýr (noun f.; °kýr, dat. kú; kýr): cow
[7] kollótta kú ‘cow without horns’: Árni Magnússon annotates ‘riupa’ (rjúpa; Þul Fugla 5/6) ‘ptarmigan’, apparently a name often given to cows: LP: kýr notes køer benævnes ofte således ‘cows are often named thus’.
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kollóttr (adj.): bald, ?without horns
[7] kollótta kú ‘cow without horns’: Árni Magnússon annotates ‘riupa’ (rjúpa; Þul Fugla 5/6) ‘ptarmigan’, apparently a name often given to cows: LP: kýr notes køer benævnes ofte således ‘cows are often named thus’.
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
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kvíslatré (noun n.): [a forked tree]
[8] kvíslatré ‘a forked tree’: I.e. the homonyms súla ‘forked piece of wood used as a neck yoke to prevent pigs from escaping the pen’ (see Fritzner: súla 2) and súla ‘gannet’ (Þul Fugla 3/1). Kvíslatré is a hap. leg. in poetry and there is only one recorded instance in prose (in Reykd ch. 22, ÍF 10, 220; cf. ONP: kvíslartré). This gloss is provided in 1562ˣ. In 743ˣ Árni glosses svala ‘swallow’, but this likely resulted from his misreading of the word súla.
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gnúpr (noun m.): [peak, Gnúpr]
[9] gildligan gnúp ‘a massive peak’: Skj B proposes múli ‘mountain peak’, corresponding with tyrðilmúli ‘razorbill’ (Alca torda; Þul Fugla 4/6). Árni glossed ‘ha hella’, printed (háhella) in SnE 1848; this is not a known Old Norse word, but is clearly a cpd from há ‘high’ and hella ‘rock, table-land’, which fits the clue. If there was a corresponding bird-name, however, it is no longer known. Possibly cf. hávella ‘long-tailed duck’; see Note to Anon Gát 2/5. Ms. 1562ˣ glosses this line ‘lomur’; lómr is ‘red-throated diver (US ‘loon’)’ (Gavia stellata). The relevance to a ‘massive peak’ perhaps comes from such an Icelandic p. n. as Lómagnúpur, the 688m high promontory on the south coast, which features in Njáls saga (Nj ch. 133, ÍF 12, 346). This is unlikely to be the original solution, however.
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gildligr (adj.): [a massive]
[9] gildligan gnúp ‘a massive peak’: Skj B proposes múli ‘mountain peak’, corresponding with tyrðilmúli ‘razorbill’ (Alca torda; Þul Fugla 4/6). Árni glossed ‘ha hella’, printed (háhella) in SnE 1848; this is not a known Old Norse word, but is clearly a cpd from há ‘high’ and hella ‘rock, table-land’, which fits the clue. If there was a corresponding bird-name, however, it is no longer known. Possibly cf. hávella ‘long-tailed duck’; see Note to Anon Gát 2/5. Ms. 1562ˣ glosses this line ‘lomur’; lómr is ‘red-throated diver (US ‘loon’)’ (Gavia stellata). The relevance to a ‘massive peak’ perhaps comes from such an Icelandic p. n. as Lómagnúpur, the 688m high promontory on the south coast, which features in Njáls saga (Nj ch. 133, ÍF 12, 346). This is unlikely to be the original solution, however.
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2. geta (verb): to beget, give birth to, mention, speak of; to think well of, like, love
[10] gettu: ok gettu 743ˣ
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hvat (pron.): what
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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
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2. heita (verb): be called, promise
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