Rloð Lv 8^VIII (Ragn 24)

Hvat ‘What’

(not checked:)
hvat (pron.): what

[1] Hvat: ‘[…] (at)’(?) 147

er ‘is’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

þat ‘that’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[1] þat er: so 147, þat 1824b

er ‘which’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[1] þat er: so 147, þat 1824b

baugs ‘of a ring’

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baugr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): ring

[1] baugs: ‘b(a)ugs’(?) so 147, ‘baux’ 1824b

kennings

ór ‘from’

(not checked:)
3. ór (prep.): out of

[1] ór björgum: ór baugum 1824b, ‘[…](augum)’(?) 147

notes

[1, 2] þjóta ór björgum ‘howl from the cliffs’: Olsen (Ragn 1906-8) emended 1824b’s ór baugum ‘from rings’ to ór björgum ‘from the cliffs’ and has been followed in this by all subsequent eds. The expression þjóta ór björgum (more often þjóta annan veg í björgum ‘howl another way in the cliffs’, i.e. ‘dance to a different tune’) is an idiom that refers lit. to the howling of the wind in rocks or mountains as a means of indicating the force of common opinion. See LP, Heggstad et al. 2008: þjóta; Blakkr Lv 2/5, 8^II and Note there; Kári Lv 5/5, 8^V (Nj 50).

björgum ‘the cliffs’

(not checked:)
bjarg (noun n.; °-s; *-): mountain, cliff

[1] ór björgum: ór baugum 1824b, ‘[…](augum)’(?) 147

notes

[1, 2] þjóta ór björgum ‘howl from the cliffs’: Olsen (Ragn 1906-8) emended 1824b’s ór baugum ‘from rings’ to ór björgum ‘from the cliffs’ and has been followed in this by all subsequent eds. The expression þjóta ór björgum (more often þjóta annan veg í björgum ‘howl another way in the cliffs’, i.e. ‘dance to a different tune’) is an idiom that refers lit. to the howling of the wind in rocks or mountains as a means of indicating the force of common opinion. See LP, Heggstad et al. 2008: þjóta; Blakkr Lv 2/5, 8^II and Note there; Kári Lv 5/5, 8^V (Nj 50).

brjótr ‘the breaker’

(not checked:)
brjótr (noun m.): breaker

[2] brjótr: ‘bríot’ 1824b, ‘[…]t’ 147

kennings

heyri ‘hear’

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2. heyra (verb): hear

[2] heyri ek nú þjóta: ‘heyri eg (n)u […]’(?) 147

ek ‘I’

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ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

[2] heyri ek nú þjóta: ‘heyri eg (n)u […]’(?) 147

nú ‘now’

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nú (adv.): now

[2] heyri ek nú þjóta: ‘heyri eg (n)u […]’(?) 147

þjóta ‘howl’

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þjóta (verb): roar

[2] heyri ek nú þjóta: ‘heyri eg (n)u […]’(?) 147

notes

[1, 2] þjóta ór björgum ‘howl from the cliffs’: Olsen (Ragn 1906-8) emended 1824b’s ór baugum ‘from rings’ to ór björgum ‘from the cliffs’ and has been followed in this by all subsequent eds. The expression þjóta ór björgum (more often þjóta annan veg í björgum ‘howl another way in the cliffs’, i.e. ‘dance to a different tune’) is an idiom that refers lit. to the howling of the wind in rocks or mountains as a means of indicating the force of common opinion. See LP, Heggstad et al. 2008: þjóta; Blakkr Lv 2/5, 8^II and Note there; Kári Lv 5/5, 8^V (Nj 50).

at ‘that’

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4. at (conj.): that

[3] at myni: at menn 1824b, ‘(at) […]’ 147

myni ‘is likely’

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munu (verb): will, must

[3] at myni: at menn 1824b, ‘(at) […]’ 147

notes

[3] myni ‘is likely to’: I.e. 3rd pers. sg. subj. of the modal auxiliary munu ‘shall, will’, denoting probable future time. This emendation of 1824b’s menn ‘men’ first appeared in print in Ragn 1906-8, 211, where Olsen attributes it to Finnur Jónsson. It appears in Skj B and is adopted (as myni/muni) by all subsequent eds.

Mundils ‘of Mundill’

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Mundill (noun m.): Mundill

kennings

notes

[3] máli Mundils ‘the close companion of Mundill <sea-king> [SEAFARER]’: There is no word in either ms. after Mundils which would provide a metrical l. 3, so eds have resorted to conjectural emendation to supply one. Vigfusson and Powell (CPB), Rafn (FSN) and Valdimar Ásmundarson (Ragn 1891) retain the 1824b reading mundils, without giving it a capital <M>. While no attempt is made in CPB or by Rafn to fill out the line by emendation, Valdimar adds mara f. ‘incubus, nightmare’ after mundils, thus producing the combination mundils mara ‘sea-king’s nightmare’ (?), which makes little sense in the context. Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 211) and Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) emend to meiðir mundelds ‘destroyer of hand-fire [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’ and are followed in this respect by subsequent eds. This would certainly be consistent with the kennings brjótr baugs ‘breaker of a ring [GENEROUS MAN]’ in ll. 1, 2, and æ*gir* leygjar alnar ‘terrifier of the fire of the forearm [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’ in l. 7, but the context of the stanza suggests that the speaker (Ragnarr) is concerned to emphasise his seafaring capacity at least as much as his generosity, and the kenning máli Mundils ‘close companion of Mundill <sea-king> [SEAFARER]’, proposed here, seems appropriate, as well as involving relatively little emendation. The reading Mundils (gen. of Mundill, recorded as a sea-king name in Þul Sea-kings 1/5^III) has moreover the support of 147, although the name does not occur elsewhere in kennings.

máli ‘the close companion’

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1. máli (noun m.; °-a; -ar): interlocutor, close companion

[3] máli: om. 1824b, 147

kennings

notes

[3] máli Mundils ‘the close companion of Mundill <sea-king> [SEAFARER]’: There is no word in either ms. after Mundils which would provide a metrical l. 3, so eds have resorted to conjectural emendation to supply one. Vigfusson and Powell (CPB), Rafn (FSN) and Valdimar Ásmundarson (Ragn 1891) retain the 1824b reading mundils, without giving it a capital <M>. While no attempt is made in CPB or by Rafn to fill out the line by emendation, Valdimar adds mara f. ‘incubus, nightmare’ after mundils, thus producing the combination mundils mara ‘sea-king’s nightmare’ (?), which makes little sense in the context. Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 211) and Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) emend to meiðir mundelds ‘destroyer of hand-fire [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’ and are followed in this respect by subsequent eds. This would certainly be consistent with the kennings brjótr baugs ‘breaker of a ring [GENEROUS MAN]’ in ll. 1, 2, and æ*gir* leygjar alnar ‘terrifier of the fire of the forearm [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’ in l. 7, but the context of the stanza suggests that the speaker (Ragnarr) is concerned to emphasise his seafaring capacity at least as much as his generosity, and the kenning máli Mundils ‘close companion of Mundill <sea-king> [SEAFARER]’, proposed here, seems appropriate, as well as involving relatively little emendation. The reading Mundils (gen. of Mundill, recorded as a sea-king name in Þul Sea-kings 1/5^III) has moreover the support of 147, although the name does not occur elsewhere in kennings.

mars ‘of the sea’

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1. marr (noun m.): sea

kennings

notes

[4] †svandr† ófni* mars ‘… a snake of the sea [SHIP]’:  The ms. readings here cause particular difficulty, though it seems clear that ófnir m. (cf. the 1824b reading, above) means ‘snake’, as indicated by its inclusion in Þul Orma 1/3^III and by its use as a determinant in kennings for ‘gold’ (Meissner 240). Various emendations have been proposed to account for ms. ‘svandr’, but none have been convincing. (a) Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 211), taking mar- as the root of ON marr m. ‘sea’ (cf. Lat. mare, ModEngl. mere), emends to mar-sviðr ófni, seeing sviðr (= svinnr) ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (as he and others read it, see the previous Note), and interrupting the kenning marófni ‘sea-snake [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’, a m. noun here in the dat., as the object of hafna ‘reject’, in such a way as to form an example of tmesis. In this he is followed by Eskeland (Ragn 1944) and Ebel (Ragn 2003). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Guðni Jónsson (FSGJ), who also take svinnr/sviðr ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (cf. the second Note to l. 3, above), see the adj. rather as falling between the two elements of a two-word kenning, ófnir mars ‘snake of the sea [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’. They thus emend to mars svinnr/sviðr ófni, with ófni in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. (c) Kock, on the other hand, takes an emended vandófni, m. dat. sg. as the object of hafna ‘reject’, and vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘(dragon-prowed) ship’, taking ‑ófnir as meaning ‘snake’ and initially understanding the element vand- as related to vandr adj. ‘difficult, problematic’, hence ‘dangerous snake of the sea’ (NN §2370); later, however (NN §3197F), he relates this element rather to vǫndr ‘wand, stick’, hence ‘mast’, thus arriving at the literal meaning ‘a mast-snake of the sea [SHIP]’. While Kock’s reading of the text is relatively close to the ms. readings, neither of his interpretations is entirely satisfactory: parallels to the compounding of vand- meaning ‘difficult, dangerous’ with nouns of such concrete signification as ‘ship’ are hard to find, and vandófnir, if understood as ‘mast-snake’, can itself be understood as a ship-kenning, so that the apparent determinant mars ‘of the sea’ becomes redundant. Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), adopts Kock’s text here, understanding vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘ship’ and the second element in vandófnir as meaning ‘snake’, but leaves its first element unexplained. (d) The present ed. prefers in the circumstances to set aside the ms. reading ‘svandr’ as incomprehensible, and to take ófni* mars ‘snake of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘ship’, here in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. Cf. the kennings fjarðlinnr m. ‘fjord-serpent [SHIP]’ (Mark Lv 1/1^III) and naðr sævar ‘adder of the sea [SHIP]’ (Edáð Banddr 3/3^I).

†svandr† ‘…’

(not checked:)
svandr (noun m.): ???

[4] †svandr† ófni*: ‘svandr ofnir’ 1824b, ‘[…]uand[…] (ofn)[…]’(?) 147

notes

[4] †svandr† ófni* mars ‘… a snake of the sea [SHIP]’:  The ms. readings here cause particular difficulty, though it seems clear that ófnir m. (cf. the 1824b reading, above) means ‘snake’, as indicated by its inclusion in Þul Orma 1/3^III and by its use as a determinant in kennings for ‘gold’ (Meissner 240). Various emendations have been proposed to account for ms. ‘svandr’, but none have been convincing. (a) Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 211), taking mar- as the root of ON marr m. ‘sea’ (cf. Lat. mare, ModEngl. mere), emends to mar-sviðr ófni, seeing sviðr (= svinnr) ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (as he and others read it, see the previous Note), and interrupting the kenning marófni ‘sea-snake [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’, a m. noun here in the dat., as the object of hafna ‘reject’, in such a way as to form an example of tmesis. In this he is followed by Eskeland (Ragn 1944) and Ebel (Ragn 2003). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Guðni Jónsson (FSGJ), who also take svinnr/sviðr ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (cf. the second Note to l. 3, above), see the adj. rather as falling between the two elements of a two-word kenning, ófnir mars ‘snake of the sea [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’. They thus emend to mars svinnr/sviðr ófni, with ófni in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. (c) Kock, on the other hand, takes an emended vandófni, m. dat. sg. as the object of hafna ‘reject’, and vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘(dragon-prowed) ship’, taking ‑ófnir as meaning ‘snake’ and initially understanding the element vand- as related to vandr adj. ‘difficult, problematic’, hence ‘dangerous snake of the sea’ (NN §2370); later, however (NN §3197F), he relates this element rather to vǫndr ‘wand, stick’, hence ‘mast’, thus arriving at the literal meaning ‘a mast-snake of the sea [SHIP]’. While Kock’s reading of the text is relatively close to the ms. readings, neither of his interpretations is entirely satisfactory: parallels to the compounding of vand- meaning ‘difficult, dangerous’ with nouns of such concrete signification as ‘ship’ are hard to find, and vandófnir, if understood as ‘mast-snake’, can itself be understood as a ship-kenning, so that the apparent determinant mars ‘of the sea’ becomes redundant. Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), adopts Kock’s text here, understanding vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘ship’ and the second element in vandófnir as meaning ‘snake’, but leaves its first element unexplained. (d) The present ed. prefers in the circumstances to set aside the ms. reading ‘svandr’ as incomprehensible, and to take ófni* mars ‘snake of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘ship’, here in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. Cf. the kennings fjarðlinnr m. ‘fjord-serpent [SHIP]’ (Mark Lv 1/1^III) and naðr sævar ‘adder of the sea [SHIP]’ (Edáð Banddr 3/3^I).

ófni* ‘a snake’

(not checked:)
ófnir (noun m.): [serpent]

[4] †svandr† ófni*: ‘svandr ofnir’ 1824b, ‘[…]uand[…] (ofn)[…]’(?) 147

kennings

notes

[4] †svandr† ófni* mars ‘… a snake of the sea [SHIP]’:  The ms. readings here cause particular difficulty, though it seems clear that ófnir m. (cf. the 1824b reading, above) means ‘snake’, as indicated by its inclusion in Þul Orma 1/3^III and by its use as a determinant in kennings for ‘gold’ (Meissner 240). Various emendations have been proposed to account for ms. ‘svandr’, but none have been convincing. (a) Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 211), taking mar- as the root of ON marr m. ‘sea’ (cf. Lat. mare, ModEngl. mere), emends to mar-sviðr ófni, seeing sviðr (= svinnr) ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (as he and others read it, see the previous Note), and interrupting the kenning marófni ‘sea-snake [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’, a m. noun here in the dat., as the object of hafna ‘reject’, in such a way as to form an example of tmesis. In this he is followed by Eskeland (Ragn 1944) and Ebel (Ragn 2003). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Guðni Jónsson (FSGJ), who also take svinnr/sviðr ‘wise’ as qualifying meiðir ‘destroyer’ in the previous line (cf. the second Note to l. 3, above), see the adj. rather as falling between the two elements of a two-word kenning, ófnir mars ‘snake of the sea [(dragon-prowed) SHIP]’. They thus emend to mars svinnr/sviðr ófni, with ófni in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. (c) Kock, on the other hand, takes an emended vandófni, m. dat. sg. as the object of hafna ‘reject’, and vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘(dragon-prowed) ship’, taking ‑ófnir as meaning ‘snake’ and initially understanding the element vand- as related to vandr adj. ‘difficult, problematic’, hence ‘dangerous snake of the sea’ (NN §2370); later, however (NN §3197F), he relates this element rather to vǫndr ‘wand, stick’, hence ‘mast’, thus arriving at the literal meaning ‘a mast-snake of the sea [SHIP]’. While Kock’s reading of the text is relatively close to the ms. readings, neither of his interpretations is entirely satisfactory: parallels to the compounding of vand- meaning ‘difficult, dangerous’ with nouns of such concrete signification as ‘ship’ are hard to find, and vandófnir, if understood as ‘mast-snake’, can itself be understood as a ship-kenning, so that the apparent determinant mars ‘of the sea’ becomes redundant. Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), adopts Kock’s text here, understanding vandófnir mars as a kenning for ‘ship’ and the second element in vandófnir as meaning ‘snake’, but leaves its first element unexplained. (d) The present ed. prefers in the circumstances to set aside the ms. reading ‘svandr’ as incomprehensible, and to take ófni* mars ‘snake of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘ship’, here in the dat. as the object of hafna ‘reject’. Cf. the kennings fjarðlinnr m. ‘fjord-serpent [SHIP]’ (Mark Lv 1/1^III) and naðr sævar ‘adder of the sea [SHIP]’ (Edáð Banddr 3/3^I).

hafna ‘to reject’

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1. hafna (verb): abandon, reject

Þó ‘Nevertheless’

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þó (adv.): though

[5] Þó skal ek þeira ráða: ‘(þo skal eg […] rrada)’(?) 147

skal ‘shall’

(not checked:)
skulu (verb): shall, should, must

[5] Þó skal ek þeira ráða: ‘(þo skal eg […] rrada)’(?) 147

notes

[5] skal ek ‘I … shall’: All previous eds apart from those of CPB and Rafn (FSN) omit the 1st pers. pron., taking the kenning in l. 7 as the subject of the sentence and skal as 3rd rather than 1st pers. sg. There is no reason why it should be omitted, however, either syntactically or metrically: the kenning in l. 7, to be discussed below, may be taken as an appositive semantic expansion of the 1st pers. pron. (‘I, the …’), and skal ek could be normalised to skalk.

ek ‘I’

(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

[5] Þó skal ek þeira ráða: ‘(þo skal eg […] rrada)’(?) 147

notes

[5] skal ek ‘I … shall’: All previous eds apart from those of CPB and Rafn (FSN) omit the 1st pers. pron., taking the kenning in l. 7 as the subject of the sentence and skal as 3rd rather than 1st pers. sg. There is no reason why it should be omitted, however, either syntactically or metrically: the kenning in l. 7, to be discussed below, may be taken as an appositive semantic expansion of the 1st pers. pron. (‘I, the …’), and skal ek could be normalised to skalk.

þeira ‘those’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[5] Þó skal ek þeira ráða: ‘(þo skal eg […] rrada)’(?) 147

ráða ‘plans to fruition’

(not checked:)
ráða (verb): advise, rule, interpret, decide

[5] Þó skal ek þeira ráða: ‘(þo skal eg […] rrada)’(?) 147

þorn ‘clasp-’

(not checked:)
1. þorn (noun m.; °; -ar): thorn < þornbil (noun m.)

[6] þorn‑Bil: þann bil 1824b, ‘[…]’ 147

kennings

notes

[6] þorn-Bil ‘clasp-Bil <goddess> [WOMAN = Áslaug-Randalín]’: The emendation of 1824b’s þann to þorn ‘clasp’ here is adopted by all eds save those of CPB, FSN, Ragn 1891 and Ragn 1985, all of whose retention of 1824b’s þann bil makes interpretation difficult. Bil is mentioned in SnE 2005, 30 (cf. SnE 1998, I, 114) and in þulur (Þul Ásynja 1/8^III, Þul Kvenna II 3/6^III) as the name of a goddess, and is well attested as the base-word in woman kennings in which the determinant is a characteristic woman’s appurtenance, see LP: 1. Bil and Turville-Petre (1976, xlix).

Bil ‘Bil’

(not checked:)
Bil (noun f.): Bil < þornbil (noun m.)

[6] þorn‑Bil: þann bil 1824b, ‘[…]’ 147

kennings

notes

[6] þorn-Bil ‘clasp-Bil <goddess> [WOMAN = Áslaug-Randalín]’: The emendation of 1824b’s þann to þorn ‘clasp’ here is adopted by all eds save those of CPB, FSN, Ragn 1891 and Ragn 1985, all of whose retention of 1824b’s þann bil makes interpretation difficult. Bil is mentioned in SnE 2005, 30 (cf. SnE 1998, I, 114) and in þulur (Þul Ásynja 1/8^III, Þul Kvenna II 3/6^III) as the name of a goddess, and is well attested as the base-word in woman kennings in which the determinant is a characteristic woman’s appurtenance, see LP: 1. Bil and Turville-Petre (1976, xlix).

ef ‘if’

(not checked:)
3. ef (conj.): if

[6] ef goð vilja: ‘[…]f god vilia’ 147

goð ‘the gods’

(not checked:)
goð (noun n.): (pagan) god

[6] ef goð vilja: ‘[…]f god vilia’ 147

vilja ‘wish it’

(not checked:)
vilja (verb): want, intend

[6] ef goð vilja: ‘[…]f god vilia’ 147

æ*gir* ‘the terrifier’

(not checked:)
œgir (noun m.): terrifier

[7] æ*gir*: ‘ęgíls’ 1824b, ‘[…]gi(ls)’(?) 147

kennings

notes

[7]: With most eds including Skj B, this edn emends the ms. readings (‘ęgíls’ 1824b, ‘[…]gi(ls)’(?) 147) to ægir (earlier œgir) ‘terrifier, terroriser’, taking this as the base-word in the kenning ægir leygjar alnar ‘terrifier of the fire of the (fore)arm [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’, i.e. one who ‘terrifies’ gold by breaking it up and distributing it to his followers. Vigfusson and Powell (CPB) and Rafn (FSN) normalise here to Egils, Æigils, gen. sg. of Egill, which makes little sense in the context.

alnar ‘of the forearm’

(not checked:)
alin (noun f.): forearm, ell

[7] alnar leygjar: ‘al[…]ar (le)[…]’(?) 147

kennings

alnar ‘of the forearm’

(not checked:)
alin (noun f.): forearm, ell

[7] alnar leygjar: ‘al[…]ar (le)[…]’(?) 147

kennings

leygjar ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame

[7] alnar leygjar: ‘al[…]ar (le)[…]’(?) 147

kennings

leygjar ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame

[7] alnar leygjar: ‘al[…]ar (le)[…]’(?) 147

kennings

ókvíðandi ‘without fear’

(not checked:)
ókvíðandi (adj.)

[8] ókvíðandi bíða: ‘(okv)[…](nd) […]’(?) 147

bíða ‘bring’

(not checked:)
bíða (verb; °bíðr; beið, biðu; beðit): wait, suffer, experience

[8] ókvíðandi bíða: ‘(okv)[…](nd) […]’(?) 147

notes

[8] bíða ‘bring … to fruition’: The verb has þeira ráða ‘those plans’ in l. 5 as its object in the gen. LP: bíða indicates that bíða in this meaning is found more often with an acc. than a gen. object; where a gen. object is found, the meaning is generally ‘wait for’. However, the sense ‘experience, carry out’ seems to be indicated by the context, and is assumed here, as by Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 212) and Finnur Jónsson (Skj B).