Anon Líkn 43^VII

Þá er, sem þengill skýja
þreksnjallr kveði alla
oss með orðum þessum
ágætr fyr meinlæti:
‘Mín hefi ek sár at sýna
seggjum góð með blóði;
maðr sjái hverr á hauðri
hingat til píninga.

Þá er, sem {þreksnjallr þengill skýja}, ágætr fyr meinlæti, kveði oss alla með þessum orðum: ‘Ek hefi mín góð sár með blóði at sýna seggjum; hverr maðr á hauðri sjái hingat til píninga.

Then it is as if {the strength-bold king of clouds} [= God (= Christ)], famed on account of agonies, addresses us all with these words: ‘I have my good wounds with blood to show to men; let each man on earth look hither at [these] torments.

Mss: B(12r), 399a-bˣ

Editions: Skj AII, 158, Skj BII, 171, Skald II, 90; Sveinbjörn Egilsson 1844, 48, Rydberg 1907, 18, 52, Tate 1974, 88.

Notes: [All]: The address of Christ from the Cross is a topos of medieval poetry on the Passion, though this is the only instance in skaldic poetry. The address usually takes the form of a complaint; Christ calls attention to his suffering and reproaches his people (or an individual) for being ungrateful, often exhorting to repentance (see Woolf 1968, 36-44). An example is a C13th lyric by Philip the Chancellor, Homo vide, quae pro te patior ‘O man, see what things I suffer for you’ (AH 21, 10) in which Christ calls upon the listener, for whom he is dying, to behold his sufferings, the nails with which he is pierced, and to consider that however great his physical torment may be, his inward anguish is yet greater because of ingratitude. An influential early instance in which Christ evokes the torments of the Cross while accusing man of ingratitude is Caesarius of Arles’ (C6th) Sermo 57 (Morin 1953, 253-4). Ultimately the topos derives from Old Testament sentences which were interpreted as the speech of Christ: Popule meus, quid feci tibi? ‘O my people, what have I done to you’ (Mic. VI.3), O vos omnes qui transitis per viam, attendite et videte si est dolor sicut dolor meus ‘O all ye that pass by the way, attend, and see whether there be any sorrow like to my sorrow’ (Lam. I.12), and Quid est quod debui ultra facere? ‘What is there that I ought to do more? (Isa. V.4). The first of these, Popule meus (cf. þjóð mín ‘my people’ 45/1), recurs throughout the Reproaches (improperia) which accompany the Adoration of the Cross in Good Friday liturgy, and the third occurs in the same context. The second is found in the Hours of the Passion, attr. Bonaventure (C13th), attested in Iceland in the early C14th AM 241 a fol (Gjerløw 1980, I, 217). On the liturgy for Good Friday more generally see Notes to st. 30. — [1] þengill skýja ‘the king of clouds [= God (= Christ)]’: The kenning occurs earlier in Has 12/4. — [2] þreksnjallr ‘strength-bold’: The adj. occurs previously in Geisl 66/4 and subsequently, in a pattern suggesting Líkn’s influence, in Anon Ól 2/3^I (C14th). — [4] ágætr fyr meinlæti ‘famed on account of agonies’: Meinlæti may be sg. or pl. Cf. Has 19/6.

References

1. Bibliography
2. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
3. AH = Dreves, G. M., C. Blume and H. M. Bannister, eds. 1886-1922. Analecta hymnica medii aeui. 55 vols. Leipzig: Reisland. Rpt. 1961. New York: Johnson.
4. Rydberg, Hugo, ed. 1907. ‘Die geistlichen Drápur und Dróttkvættfragmente des Cod. AM 757 4to.’. Ph.D. thesis. University of Lund. Copenhagen: Møller.
5. Tate, George S. 1974. ‘Líknarbraut: A Skaldic Drápa on the Cross’. Ph.D. thesis. Cornell University. DAI 35:6112A.
6. Woolf, Rosemary. 1968. The English Religious Lyric in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon.
7. Gjerløw, Lilli. 1980. Liturgica Islandica. 2 vols. BA 35-6. Copenhagen: Reitzel.
8. Morin, Germain, ed. 1953. [Caesarius Arelatensis] Sermones. CCSL 103.
9. Sveinbjörn Egilsson, ed. 1844. Fjøgur gømul kvæði. Boðsrit til að hlusta á þá opinberu yfirheyrslu í Bessastaða Skóla þann 22-29 mai 1844. Viðeyar Klaustri: prentuð af Helga Helgasyni, á kostnað Bessastaða Skóla. Bessastaðir: Helgi Helgason.
10. Internal references
11. George S. Tate 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Líknarbraut’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 228-86. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1024> (accessed 19 April 2024)
12. Kate Heslop (ed.) 2012, ‘Anonymous Poems, Poem about Óláfr Tryggvason 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1064.
13. Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 66’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 60-1.
14. Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Harmsól 12’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 84-5.
15. Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Harmsól 19’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 90.