Anon Líkn 36VII
George S. Tate (ed.) 2007, ‘Anonymous Poems, Líknarbraut 36’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 270-1.
Heims ‘of the world’
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heimr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): home, abode; world
lézt ‘’
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láta (verb): let, have sth done
notes
[1-2] lézt vegit ‘you weighed’: Láta vegit can mean either ‘to cause, allow to be weighed’ or simply ‘to weigh’.
verð ‘the price’
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verð (noun n.; °-s; dat. -um): worth, price
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
virða ‘men’
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virðr (noun m.): man
vegit ‘you weighed’
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2. vega (verb): lift, weigh
notes
[1-2] lézt vegit ‘you weighed’: Láta vegit can mean either ‘to cause, allow to be weighed’ or simply ‘to weigh’.
gim ‘than gems’
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gim (noun n.): gem, jewel < gimsteinn (noun m.): jewel
notes
[2] fegra gimsteinum ‘fairer than gems’: The phrase also occurs, of God’s words, in 7/6, 8.
steinum ‘’
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steinn (noun m.; °steins; steinar): stone, colour < gimsteinn (noun m.): jewel
notes
[2] fegra gimsteinum ‘fairer than gems’: The phrase also occurs, of God’s words, in 7/6, 8.
fegra ‘fairer’
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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful
notes
[2] fegra gimsteinum ‘fairer than gems’: The phrase also occurs, of God’s words, in 7/6, 8.
himna ‘of the heavens’
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himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky
kennings
Háleitr, ljóss himna,‘High, radiant one of the heavens, ’
= CROSS
High, radiant one of the heavens, → CROSS
notes
[4, 3] háleitr ljóss himna ‘high, radiant one of the heavens [CROSS]’: Ljóss ‘radiant’ is here construed as a substantival adj., which with háleitr ‘high’ qualifies the 2nd pers. subject, deriving m. gender from implied kross ‘Cross’. LP (1860), construing a sun-kenning, renders the phrase alte in solem suspiciens ‘gazing [from -leitr] high toward the sun’. Skj B and Skald emend to n. háleitt ljós and combine the phrase with friðar ‘of peace’ (l. 4). Skj B (cf. LP: háleitr) then takes this to refer to God, but NN §1394 to the Cross as ‘peace-light of heaven’. (Using Skj B’s emended text, Guðrún Nordal 2001, 293 cites himna ljós ‘light of the heavens’ as the only time ljós occurs as a base-word in a kenning for Christ in C12th-C13th.)
ljóss ‘radiant one’
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ljóss (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bright
kennings
Háleitr, ljóss himna,‘High, radiant one of the heavens, ’
= CROSS
High, radiant one of the heavens, → CROSS
notes
[4, 3] háleitr ljóss himna ‘high, radiant one of the heavens [CROSS]’: Ljóss ‘radiant’ is here construed as a substantival adj., which with háleitr ‘high’ qualifies the 2nd pers. subject, deriving m. gender from implied kross ‘Cross’. LP (1860), construing a sun-kenning, renders the phrase alte in solem suspiciens ‘gazing [from -leitr] high toward the sun’. Skj B and Skald emend to n. háleitt ljós and combine the phrase with friðar ‘of peace’ (l. 4). Skj B (cf. LP: háleitr) then takes this to refer to God, but NN §1394 to the Cross as ‘peace-light of heaven’. (Using Skj B’s emended text, Guðrún Nordal 2001, 293 cites himna ljós ‘light of the heavens’ as the only time ljós occurs as a base-word in a kenning for Christ in C12th-C13th.)
í ‘in’
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í (prep.): in, into
hvössum ‘sharp’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp
notes
[3-4] hvössum skálum friðar ‘in sharp scales of peace’: The adj. hvass typically means ‘sharp, acute’, here referring to Christ’s suffering. Fríðar ‘of peace’ seems more suitable with skálum ‘scales’ than with himna ljóss (see below), both because of proximity and because it is through the balance of the Cross that the atonement (at-one-ment) is effected, whereby peace is won for mankind.
háleitr ‘High’
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háleitr (adj.): glorious, sublime
kennings
Háleitr, ljóss himna,‘High, radiant one of the heavens, ’
= CROSS
High, radiant one of the heavens, → CROSS
notes
[4, 3] háleitr ljóss himna ‘high, radiant one of the heavens [CROSS]’: Ljóss ‘radiant’ is here construed as a substantival adj., which with háleitr ‘high’ qualifies the 2nd pers. subject, deriving m. gender from implied kross ‘Cross’. LP (1860), construing a sun-kenning, renders the phrase alte in solem suspiciens ‘gazing [from -leitr] high toward the sun’. Skj B and Skald emend to n. háleitt ljós and combine the phrase with friðar ‘of peace’ (l. 4). Skj B (cf. LP: háleitr) then takes this to refer to God, but NN §1394 to the Cross as ‘peace-light of heaven’. (Using Skj B’s emended text, Guðrún Nordal 2001, 293 cites himna ljós ‘light of the heavens’ as the only time ljós occurs as a base-word in a kenning for Christ in C12th-C13th.)
friðar ‘of peace’
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friðr (noun m.): peace
notes
[3-4] hvössum skálum friðar ‘in sharp scales of peace’: The adj. hvass typically means ‘sharp, acute’, here referring to Christ’s suffering. Fríðar ‘of peace’ seems more suitable with skálum ‘scales’ than with himna ljóss (see below), both because of proximity and because it is through the balance of the Cross that the atonement (at-one-ment) is effected, whereby peace is won for mankind.
skálum ‘scales’
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skál (noun f.; °-ar, acc. -/-u; -ir/-ar): scales, cup
notes
[3-4] hvössum skálum friðar ‘in sharp scales of peace’: The adj. hvass typically means ‘sharp, acute’, here referring to Christ’s suffering. Fríðar ‘of peace’ seems more suitable with skálum ‘scales’ than with himna ljóss (see below), both because of proximity and because it is through the balance of the Cross that the atonement (at-one-ment) is effected, whereby peace is won for mankind.
Vág ‘balance’
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vág (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/vǽgr): scales, balance
[5] Vág: ‘[...]’ B, 399a‑bˣ
notes
[5] vág ‘balance-scales’: Lacuna in B; upper right of possible <g> remains. Alliteration and l. length require a monosyllabic word beginning with <v>. Sveinbjörn Egilsson 1844, 46 suggests vag, which (as vág) has been accepted by all subsequent eds.
erat ‘there is not’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
víst ‘Surely’
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1. víss (adj.): wise, certain(ly)
né ‘or’
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né (conj.): nor
frægri ‘more famous’
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frægr (adj.; °-jan/-an; compar. -ri, superl. -jastr/-astr/-str): famous, renowned
vétt ‘weight’
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1. vætt (noun f.; °; -r/-ir): [expecting, weight]
notes
[6] vétt ‘weight’: Possibly vett (ms. vétt, but accents are inconsistent). Only LP gives vétt as a headword (here for aðalhending with rétta); CVC, AEW, and Fritzner see vett as an alternative spelling of vætt ‘weight’. In either case, this is the only occurrence in skaldic poetry. It is unclear, however, whether the word refers to Christ (like pretium saeculi / heims verð, l. 1) or, perhaps more likely, to the weight of the sin-laden world which Christ’s sacrifice outweighs.
sýnir ‘show’
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sýna (verb): show, seem
þú ‘you’
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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you
rétta ‘the just’
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3. réttr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): right, straight, direct
ófs ‘bounteous’
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óf (noun n.)
notes
[7] ófs (gen. sg.) ‘bounteous’: Lit. ‘of great quantity’. Skj B (LP) construes as overmod ‘pride’; Finnur Jónsson 1901, 24 suggests that óf is a contraction of óhóf ‘immoderation’. The gen. sg., however, often functions as an intensive, ‘greatly, very’; LP (1860), Rydberg 1907, 51, and NN §1396 read it this way but apply it to rétta, i.e. ‘very just’. Here, however, it is taken with gæfu, i.e. ‘bounteous good-fortune’, with reference to the immeasurable grace extended to mankind through the Passion.
til ‘for’
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til (prep.): to
ýta ‘men’s’
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ýtr (noun m.): man; launcher
gæfu ‘good fortune’
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gæfa (noun f.): luck, fortune
alsetrs ‘of the common seat’
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alsetr (noun n.)
kennings
alsetrs vera.‘of the common seat of men.’
= WORLD
the common seat of men. → WORLD
notes
[8] alsetrs vera ‘of the common seat of men [EARTH]’: Skj B separates and emends the prefix to alls, assigning the adj. to the intercalary clause to modify ófs (i.e., ‘the just weight of all pride’), but the al- prefix means simply ‘general, common’ as in alþingi ‘general assembly’. Alsetrs vera, a kenning for ‘of the whole world’ (NN §1396); cf. Meissner, 87, based on Skj B: vera setr as earth-kenning, i.e. ‘the earth as dwelling place of mankind’. The sense here is probably more ‘world’ (saeculum with its moral implications), than ‘earth’ per se; it is not physical creation that is weighed in the balance of the Cross.
vera ‘of men’
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1. verr (noun m.; °[-s; -ar/ir]): man
kennings
alsetrs vera.‘of the common seat of men.’
= WORLD
the common seat of men. → WORLD
notes
[8] alsetrs vera ‘of the common seat of men [EARTH]’: Skj B separates and emends the prefix to alls, assigning the adj. to the intercalary clause to modify ófs (i.e., ‘the just weight of all pride’), but the al- prefix means simply ‘general, common’ as in alþingi ‘general assembly’. Alsetrs vera, a kenning for ‘of the whole world’ (NN §1396); cf. Meissner, 87, based on Skj B: vera setr as earth-kenning, i.e. ‘the earth as dwelling place of mankind’. The sense here is probably more ‘world’ (saeculum with its moral implications), than ‘earth’ per se; it is not physical creation that is weighed in the balance of the Cross.
betri ‘a better’
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betri (adj. comp.; °superl. beztr/baztr; pos. góðr adj.): better, best
notes
[8] betri ‘better’: The abbreviation, here expanded as ‘-ri’ can also be expanded ‘-ir’; in 399a-bˣ Jón Sigurðsson adopts the former in his transcription but notes ‘betir ms.’ in margin.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Like other images in this catalogue of Cross figures (sts 31-7), the idea of the Cross as scales (skálum, l. 4; vág, l. 5) in which Christ, the ‘price of the world’ (verð heims, l. 1) is weighed, is also found in one of Fortunatus’ hymns, sung in Good Friday liturgy. St. 6 of Vexilla regis, addressed to the Cross, reads: Beata, cuius brachiis / pretium pependit saeculi, / statera facta corporis / praedam tulitque tartari ‘Blessed (tree), on whose branches the price of the world was weighed; [it was] made the scales of [Christ’s] body, and it lifted up the plunder of hell’ (Bulst 1956, 129). Pretium saeculi occurs in Pange lingua 10 as well (Bulst 1956, 128); cf. 1 Cor. VI.20 Empti enim estis pretio magno ‘For you are bought with a great price’. In a passage noted by Paasche 1914a, 130, Alan of Lille (C12th) also articulates this idea in his Distinctiones: Statera ... dicitur crux Christi, in qua ponderatum est pretium nostrae redemptionis, id est corpus Christi ‘The Cross is said to be the scales of Christ, in which has been weighed the price of our redemption, i.e. the body of Christ’ (Alanus de Insulis, col. 955). The phrase statera crucis ‘scales of the Cross’ occurs in liturgy (Manz 1941, 472, no. 942) and in hymns (e.g. AH 53, 193); on the iconography of the image see Wormald 1937-8, 276-80.
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