Þjóð Yt 8^I

Frák ‘I learned’

(not checked:)
1. fregna (verb): hear of

at ‘that’

(not checked:)
4. at (conj.): that

[1] at: om. F

Dagr ‘Dagr’

(not checked:)
2. Dagr (noun m.): Dagr

dauða ‘of death’

(not checked:)
dauði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death

notes

[2] orði dauða ‘by the word of death’: Cf. feigðarorð ‘word of doom’ in st. 1/3.

yrði ‘’

(not checked:)
yrða (verb): [addresses]

orði ‘by the word’

(not checked:)
orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word

[2] orði: yrði J2ˣ, R685ˣ

notes

[2] orði dauða ‘by the word of death’: Cf. feigðarorð ‘word of doom’ in st. 1/3.

fremðar ‘’

(not checked:)
fremð (noun f.): honour

frægðar ‘for fame’

(not checked:)
frægð (noun f.): fame

[3] frægðar: fremðar J2ˣ, R685ˣ

fúss ‘eager’

(not checked:)
fúss (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): eager, willing

of ‘’

(not checked:)
4. of (particle): (before verb)

fara ‘depart’

(not checked:)
fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel

skyldi ‘had to’

(not checked:)
skulu (verb): shall, should, must

þás ‘when’

(not checked:)
þás (conj.): when

vakins ‘’

(not checked:)
vakinn (adj.)

val ‘of the slain’

(not checked:)
1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < valteinn (noun m.)

[5] valteins: vakins J2ˣ, R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

val ‘of the slain’

(not checked:)
1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < valteinn (noun m.)

[5] valteins: vakins J2ˣ, R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

teins ‘of the twig’

(not checked:)
teinn (noun m.; °dat. teini; teinar): twig, rod < valteinn (noun m.)

[5] valteins: vakins J2ˣ, R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

teins ‘of the twig’

(not checked:)
teinn (noun m.; °dat. teini; teinar): twig, rod < valteinn (noun m.)

[5] valteins: vakins J2ˣ, R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

til ‘to’

(not checked:)
til (prep.): to

notes

[6] til Vǫrva ‘to Vǫrvi’: Snorri in Yng treats Vǫrvi as a p. n., but no location has been discovered for it, with the exception of an uncertain attempt to identify it with the former Ger. p. n. Worwegen in the region south of the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany) in Poland (Beckman 1960, 6). Noreen (1912a, 5-6) thinks it is a common noun, the gen. pl. of *vǫr (cf. OE w(e)aroþ ‘shore’), and he translates it as ‘of the beaches’ (cf. also McKinnell 2005, 72).

Vǫrva ‘Vǫrvi’

(not checked:)
Vǫrvi (noun m.): Vǫrvi

notes

[6] til Vǫrva ‘to Vǫrvi’: Snorri in Yng treats Vǫrvi as a p. n., but no location has been discovered for it, with the exception of an uncertain attempt to identify it with the former Ger. p. n. Worwegen in the region south of the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany) in Poland (Beckman 1960, 6). Noreen (1912a, 5-6) thinks it is a common noun, the gen. pl. of *vǫr (cf. OE w(e)aroþ ‘shore’), and he translates it as ‘of the beaches’ (cf. also McKinnell 2005, 72).

kom ‘came’

(not checked:)
koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

spak ‘the wise’

(not checked:)
spakr (adj.): quiet, gentle, wise < spakfrǫmuðr (noun m.)spakr (adj.): quiet, gentle, wise

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

fꜹmuðr ‘’

frǫmuðr ‘wielder’

(not checked:)
frǫmuðr (noun m.): promoter < spakfrǫmuðr (noun m.)

[7] ‑frǫmuðr: ‘‑fꜹmuðr’ 521ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 7] spakfrǫmuðr valteins ‘the wise wielder of the twig of the slain [SWORD > WARRIOR]’: (a) This is the interpretation offered by most eds (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Yng 1912; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), and indeed valteinn is best regarded as ‘twig of the slain’, a variation on the common kenning pattern ‘twig or rod of wounds [SWORD]’ (Meissner 152). (b) Some commentators, in light of the report in Yng that Dagr learns of the death of his sparrow through a sonarblót ‘sacrifice of a boar’, see in valteinn a reference to a sacrificial twig used for divining or casting lots, cf. hlautteinn ‘sacrificial twig’ in Þvíðf Lv 1/4^IV (see, e.g., Yt 1925; Turville-Petre 1978-9, 53; Sundqvist 2005a, 108). King Dagr would then potentially figure as a priest or seer. Yet such interpretations require val to have the sense ‘blood of the sacrificed’ (cf. valr m. ‘the slain’) or ‘casting of lots’ (cf. val n. ‘choice’), and neither these, nor the casting of lots with sacrificial blood, can be proven.

spauts ‘’

Spǫrs ‘Spǫrr’

(not checked:)
2. Spǫrr (noun m.): Spǫrr

[8] Spǫrs: ‘spauts’ R685ˣ

notes

[8] at hefna Spǫrs ‘to avenge Spǫrr’: (a) Spǫrr is tentatively taken in this edn as a pers. n., rather than the common noun spǫrr ‘sparrow’. A corresponding name, sbauṛ, is found on an C11th Danish rune stone (Randers 1, DR 115) and appears in Denmark later as Sporgh (Beckman 1960, 5; cf. also Peterson 2007, 203). Müller (1970, 88) also points to an OWN name Spǫrr (Lind 1905-15, 943), and to OE Sperflinc and Sperlinc, names of royal moneyers on C10th Anglo-Saxon coins. These names are thought to be based on Nordic models, as no corresponding names exist elsewhere in Gmc. (b) According to Snorri’s Yng (see Context), Dagr had a soothsaying sparrow which was killed in the east, and for this Dagr undertook a campaign of vengeance during which he too was killed. But although tales in which birds can prophesy do exist, e.g. the crows in Anon (Ólkyrr) 2^II or the titmice in Fáfn 32-44, it is more likely that the story was modelled on Óðinn’s ravens Huginn and Muninn (cf. Schück 1904, II, 146-7). Even if the stanza tells of avenging a spǫrr ‘sparrow’, it gives no indication that this bird could tell the future, so the detail in Yng likely came from Snorri himself.

at ‘to’

(not checked:)
5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

notes

[8] at hefna Spǫrs ‘to avenge Spǫrr’: (a) Spǫrr is tentatively taken in this edn as a pers. n., rather than the common noun spǫrr ‘sparrow’. A corresponding name, sbauṛ, is found on an C11th Danish rune stone (Randers 1, DR 115) and appears in Denmark later as Sporgh (Beckman 1960, 5; cf. also Peterson 2007, 203). Müller (1970, 88) also points to an OWN name Spǫrr (Lind 1905-15, 943), and to OE Sperflinc and Sperlinc, names of royal moneyers on C10th Anglo-Saxon coins. These names are thought to be based on Nordic models, as no corresponding names exist elsewhere in Gmc. (b) According to Snorri’s Yng (see Context), Dagr had a soothsaying sparrow which was killed in the east, and for this Dagr undertook a campaign of vengeance during which he too was killed. But although tales in which birds can prophesy do exist, e.g. the crows in Anon (Ólkyrr) 2^II or the titmice in Fáfn 32-44, it is more likely that the story was modelled on Óðinn’s ravens Huginn and Muninn (cf. Schück 1904, II, 146-7). Even if the stanza tells of avenging a spǫrr ‘sparrow’, it gives no indication that this bird could tell the future, so the detail in Yng likely came from Snorri himself.

hefna ‘avenge’

(not checked:)
hefna (verb): avenge

notes

[8] at hefna Spǫrs ‘to avenge Spǫrr’: (a) Spǫrr is tentatively taken in this edn as a pers. n., rather than the common noun spǫrr ‘sparrow’. A corresponding name, sbauṛ, is found on an C11th Danish rune stone (Randers 1, DR 115) and appears in Denmark later as Sporgh (Beckman 1960, 5; cf. also Peterson 2007, 203). Müller (1970, 88) also points to an OWN name Spǫrr (Lind 1905-15, 943), and to OE Sperflinc and Sperlinc, names of royal moneyers on C10th Anglo-Saxon coins. These names are thought to be based on Nordic models, as no corresponding names exist elsewhere in Gmc. (b) According to Snorri’s Yng (see Context), Dagr had a soothsaying sparrow which was killed in the east, and for this Dagr undertook a campaign of vengeance during which he too was killed. But although tales in which birds can prophesy do exist, e.g. the crows in Anon (Ólkyrr) 2^II or the titmice in Fáfn 32-44, it is more likely that the story was modelled on Óðinn’s ravens Huginn and Muninn (cf. Schück 1904, II, 146-7). Even if the stanza tells of avenging a spǫrr ‘sparrow’, it gives no indication that this bird could tell the future, so the detail in Yng likely came from Snorri himself.

Ok ‘And’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

þat ‘the’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

orð ‘news’

(not checked:)
orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word

í ‘’

(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into

á ‘to’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

[10] á: í F

austr ‘the east’

vega ‘’

vísa ‘of the leader’

(not checked:)
vísi (noun m.; °-a): leader

ferð ‘the retinue’

(not checked:)
ferð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-arMork 196¹²)): host, journey

frá ‘from’

(not checked:)
frá (prep.): from

vígi ‘the fight’

(not checked:)
víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle

bar ‘bore’

(not checked:)
3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry

at ‘that’

(not checked:)
4. at (conj.): that

þann ‘that’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

gram ‘prince’

(not checked:)
1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

getta ‘’

(not checked:)
1. geta (noun f.)

geita ‘’

gæta ‘’

(not checked:)
2. gæta (verb): look after, care for

of ‘’

(not checked:)
4. of (particle): (before verb)

geta ‘get’

(not checked:)
2. geta (verb): to beget, give birth to, mention, speak of; to think well of, like, love

[14] geta: gæta F, ‘getta’ J2ˣ, geita R685ˣ

sleyngu ‘’

slyngu ‘’

skyldi ‘had to’

(not checked:)
skulu (verb): shall, should, must

þrefs ‘’

slǫngu ‘the flung’

(not checked:)
slanga (noun f.; °*-u; *-ur): [flung] < sløngviþref (noun n.)

[15] slǫngu‑ (‘slongv’): so F, ‘sleyngo’ Kˣ, papp18ˣ, 521ˣ, 761aˣ, ‘slyngu‑’ J2ˣ, R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).

slefnis ‘’

slepn[…] ‘’

þref ‘grasper’

(not checked:)
1. þref (noun n.): [grasper] < sløngviþref (noun n.)1. þref (noun n.): [grasper]1. þref (noun n.): [grasper]

[15] ‑þref: ‑þrefs F

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).

Sleipnis ‘of Sleipnir’

(not checked:)
Sleipnir (noun m.): Sleipnir

[16] Sleipnis: ‘slepn[…]’ corrected from ‘slefn[…]’ J2ˣ, ‘slefnis’ corrected from ‘slepnis’ in another hand R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).

Sleipnis ‘of Sleipnir’

(not checked:)
Sleipnir (noun m.): Sleipnir

[16] Sleipnis: ‘slepn[…]’ corrected from ‘slefn[…]’ J2ˣ, ‘slefnis’ corrected from ‘slepnis’ in another hand R685ˣ

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).

verðar ‘of the meal’

(not checked:)
1. verðr (noun m.; °dat. -i): food

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).

verðar ‘of the meal’

(not checked:)
1. verðr (noun m.; °dat. -i): food

kennings

notes

[15-16] slǫnguþref verðar Sleipnis ‘the flung grasper of the meal of Sleipnir <horse> [HAY > PITCHFORK]’: Following Noreen (Yt 1925), þref is understood here as an agentive noun based on þrífa ‘grasp’, i.e. as ‘the grasper’, and slǫngu- interpreted as ‘flung’, cf. slǫngusteinn ‘stone flung with the help of a sling’ (Fritzner: slǫngusteinn). Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; LP: sløngviþref) emends slǫngu- to sløngvi, but this is unnecessary (cf. Noreen 1921, 36).