Þjóð Yt 25I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 25’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 53.
Varð ‘was’
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1. verða (verb): become, be
Goð ‘Guð’
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guð- ((prefix)): [Guð] < Goðrøðr (noun m.): [Guðrøðr]
[1] Goðrøðr: ‘gudredr’ J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ
notes
[1] Goðrøðr ‘Guðrøðr’: An attempt has been made to identify Guðrøðr with the Godofridus mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals, a Danish king who ruled in Schleswig and died c. 810 during a struggle with Charlemagne because of a servant’s treason (Munch 1852-63, I, 384-6; Storm 1875, 63-9). Jessen (1871, 20) and Steenstrup (1876, 68-80), followed by Finnur Jónsson (1895, 358), correctly dismiss this.
guðreðr ‘’
røðr ‘røðr’
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-røðr (noun m.): [røðr] < Goðrøðr (noun m.): [Guðrøðr]
[1] Goðrøðr: ‘gudredr’ J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ
notes
[1] Goðrøðr ‘Guðrøðr’: An attempt has been made to identify Guðrøðr with the Godofridus mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals, a Danish king who ruled in Schleswig and died c. 810 during a struggle with Charlemagne because of a servant’s treason (Munch 1852-63, I, 384-6; Storm 1875, 63-9). Jessen (1871, 20) and Steenstrup (1876, 68-80), followed by Finnur Jónsson (1895, 358), correctly dismiss this.
gufglati ‘’
inn ‘(‘the’
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2. inn (art.): the
betæ ‘’
benr ‘’
lómi ‘treachery’
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2. lómr (noun m.): deceit
beittr ‘dealt with’
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2. beita (verb; °-tt-): beat, tack
[3] beittr: ‘benr’ J1ˣ, ‘betæ’ R685ˣ
sás ‘who’
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sás (conj.): the one who
notes
[4] sás vas fyr lǫngu ‘who lived long ago’: The line is hypermetrical, for which reason Skj B, Skald and Åkerlund (1939, 115) suppress fyr despite its presence in all mss. Yt 1925, ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 retain it. The line also figures in the discussion of the dating of Yt. One assumption has been that such a phrase could not have been used in reference to anyone appearing so late in the enumerated line of kings, i.e. almost as a contemporary of the skald (Bugge 1894, 168; Wadstein 1895a, 83; Krag 1991, 139). The adv. forðum ‘once’ (st. 26/6) is assessed similarly. Åkerlund (1939, 15-17), however, demonstrates from parallels that the expression could refer to a more recent past, even within the skald’s lifetime.
laugu ‘’
fyr ‘ago’
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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
notes
[4] sás vas fyr lǫngu ‘who lived long ago’: The line is hypermetrical, for which reason Skj B, Skald and Åkerlund (1939, 115) suppress fyr despite its presence in all mss. Yt 1925, ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 retain it. The line also figures in the discussion of the dating of Yt. One assumption has been that such a phrase could not have been used in reference to anyone appearing so late in the enumerated line of kings, i.e. almost as a contemporary of the skald (Bugge 1894, 168; Wadstein 1895a, 83; Krag 1991, 139). The adv. forðum ‘once’ (st. 26/6) is assessed similarly. Åkerlund (1939, 15-17), however, demonstrates from parallels that the expression could refer to a more recent past, even within the skald’s lifetime.
lǫngu ‘long’
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langr (adj.; °compar. lengri, superl. lengstr): long
[4] lǫngu: ‘lꜹgu’ J1ˣ, J2ˣ
notes
[4] sás vas fyr lǫngu ‘who lived long ago’: The line is hypermetrical, for which reason Skj B, Skald and Åkerlund (1939, 115) suppress fyr despite its presence in all mss. Yt 1925, ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 retain it. The line also figures in the discussion of the dating of Yt. One assumption has been that such a phrase could not have been used in reference to anyone appearing so late in the enumerated line of kings, i.e. almost as a contemporary of the skald (Bugge 1894, 168; Wadstein 1895a, 83; Krag 1991, 139). The adv. forðum ‘once’ (st. 26/6) is assessed similarly. Åkerlund (1939, 15-17), however, demonstrates from parallels that the expression could refer to a more recent past, even within the skald’s lifetime.
vas ‘lived’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
notes
[4] sás vas fyr lǫngu ‘who lived long ago’: The line is hypermetrical, for which reason Skj B, Skald and Åkerlund (1939, 115) suppress fyr despite its presence in all mss. Yt 1925, ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 retain it. The line also figures in the discussion of the dating of Yt. One assumption has been that such a phrase could not have been used in reference to anyone appearing so late in the enumerated line of kings, i.e. almost as a contemporary of the skald (Bugge 1894, 168; Wadstein 1895a, 83; Krag 1991, 139). The adv. forðum ‘once’ (st. 26/6) is assessed similarly. Åkerlund (1939, 15-17), however, demonstrates from parallels that the expression could refer to a more recent past, even within the skald’s lifetime.
Ok ‘And’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
umráð ‘a plot’
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umráð (noun n.): [a plot]
élum ‘’
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él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm
ǫllum ‘’
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allr (adj.): all
at ‘against’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
notes
[6] at ǫlum stilli ‘against the drunk ruler’: This matches the context of stanza and prose, as well as the evidence of other occurrences of the adj. (CVC: ölr). The phrase partially duplicates at hilmi ‘against the leader’ and could be construed either as appositional (so Yt 1925, FF, Åkerlund 1939, 115, Hkr 1991 and the present edn) or as a kind of ablativus absolutus meaning ‘while the ruler was drunk’ (so Bugge 1894, 164, Hkr 1893-1901, IV, Skj B and ÍF 26).
ǫlum ‘the drunk’
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ala (verb; °elr; ól, ólu; alinn): to beget, produce, procreate
[6] ǫlum: ‘elum’ F, ǫllum R685ˣ
notes
[6] at ǫlum stilli ‘against the drunk ruler’: This matches the context of stanza and prose, as well as the evidence of other occurrences of the adj. (CVC: ölr). The phrase partially duplicates at hilmi ‘against the leader’ and could be construed either as appositional (so Yt 1925, FF, Åkerlund 1939, 115, Hkr 1991 and the present edn) or as a kind of ablativus absolutus meaning ‘while the ruler was drunk’ (so Bugge 1894, 164, Hkr 1893-1901, IV, Skj B and ÍF 26).
stilli ‘ruler’
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stillir (noun m.): ruler
notes
[6] at ǫlum stilli ‘against the drunk ruler’: This matches the context of stanza and prose, as well as the evidence of other occurrences of the adj. (CVC: ölr). The phrase partially duplicates at hilmi ‘against the leader’ and could be construed either as appositional (so Yt 1925, FF, Åkerlund 1939, 115, Hkr 1991 and the present edn) or as a kind of ablativus absolutus meaning ‘while the ruler was drunk’ (so Bugge 1894, 164, Hkr 1893-1901, IV, Skj B and ÍF 26).
hǫfuð ‘head’
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hǫfuð (noun n.; °-s; -): head
rœk ‘’
heipt ‘a hate’
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heift (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): hatred, enmity < heiptrœkr (adj.)heift (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): hatred, enmity
notes
[7] heiptrœkt ‘hate-filled’: The spelling of Kˣ ‘-rø̨ct’ is normalised to ‑rœkt (oe ligature) in Skj B, Skald and this edn, whereas other eds print ‑rækt (ae ligature). Although the two forms are merged in ModIcel., they were distinct at the period in question. The adj. rœkr, related to OIcel. rœkja ‘to attend to sth., take care of sth.’, describes someone active and attentive (Fritzner: rœkr) and appears in words like fjǫlrœkr ‘effective, industrious’ and tírrœkr ‘covetous of honour’ (LP: fjǫlrœkr, tírrœkr), and hence also heiptrœkr ‘hate-filled’. The adj. rækr, by contrast, is derived from the verb reka ‘to repel’ and means ‘something that can or must be repelled’.
rœkt ‘filled’
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rœkr (adj.; °-jan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): cultivating < heiptrœkr (adj.)
[7] ‑rœkt: ‑rœk F
notes
[7] heiptrœkt ‘hate-filled’: The spelling of Kˣ ‘-rø̨ct’ is normalised to ‑rœkt (oe ligature) in Skj B, Skald and this edn, whereas other eds print ‑rækt (ae ligature). Although the two forms are merged in ModIcel., they were distinct at the period in question. The adj. rœkr, related to OIcel. rœkja ‘to attend to sth., take care of sth.’, describes someone active and attentive (Fritzner: rœkr) and appears in words like fjǫlrœkr ‘effective, industrious’ and tírrœkr ‘covetous of honour’ (LP: fjǫlrœkr, tírrœkr), and hence also heiptrœkr ‘hate-filled’. The adj. rækr, by contrast, is derived from the verb reka ‘to repel’ and means ‘something that can or must be repelled’.
at ‘against’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
hilmi ‘the leader’
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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
dró ‘brought’
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2. draga (verb; °dregr; dró, drógu; dreginn/droget(Hirð NKS 1642 4° 146v²⁹; cf. [$962$])): drag, pull, draw
Ok ‘And’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
laun ‘a hidden’
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1. laun (noun f.): secret < launsigr (noun m.)
sigr ‘victory’
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sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory < launsigr (noun m.)
[9] ‑sigr: corrected from ‘‑ligr’ in later hand J2ˣ
inn ‘the’
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2. inn (art.): the
geðr ‘’
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-geðr (adj.): -minded < lómgeðr (adj.)
gerði ‘’
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gerði (noun n.) < lómgerði (noun n.)
Ôsu ‘of Ása’
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Ása (noun f.): Ása
notes
[11] Ôsu ‘of Ása’: Earlier scholars assumed that the name of the estate of Oseberg, near the site of the great ship burial, contained the name of this queen (Rygh et al. 1897-36, VI, 223; Brøgger 1916, 50-2; Nerman 1917b, 256-7). However, earlier attestations of the p. n. have raised doubts about this derivation (Korslund 2000, 1; for other interpretations see Nyman 2003). Recent dendrochronological tests dating the grave to the year 834 have also cast doubt on whether one of the two women interred there was Ása or Álfhildr, the first wife of Guðrøðr and mother of Óláfr Geirstaðaálfr (Myhre 1992c, 274).
at ‘’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
of ‘’
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3. of (prep.): around, from; too
ôrr ‘servant’
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1. árr (noun m.; °dat. ár; ǽrir/árar, acc. áru): messenger
barr ‘’
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3. barr (adj.): ready
jǫfri ‘the prince’
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jǫfurr (noun m.): ruler, prince
bar ‘won’
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3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry
[12] bar: barr F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ
Ok ‘And’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
buðlungr ‘the king’
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buðlungr (noun m.; °; -ar): king, prince
á ‘on’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
beði ‘shore’
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beðr (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ir, dat. -jum): bed
fornum ‘the ancient’
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forn (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): ancient, old
Stíflusunds ‘of Stíflusund’
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Stíflusund (noun n.): Stíflusund
notes
[15] Stíflusunds ‘of Stíflusund’: The p. n. has not survived (ÍF 26). The association of Stíflusund with Geirstaðir (on Geirstaðir see Note to st. 26/14) in the Þáttr af Upplendinga konungum (Hb 1892-6, 457) is more likely the result of speculative Icelandic historiography than of any particular geographical knowledge.
of ‘’
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4. of (particle): (before verb)
stunginn ‘stabbed’
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stinga (verb): stab, poke
vas ‘was’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Guðrøðr inn gǫfugláti (‘the Splendid’), who lived long ago, was dealt with using treachery. And a hate-filled head brought a plot against the drunk ruler, against the leader. And the treacherous-minded servant of Ása won a hidden victory against the prince. And the king was stabbed on the ancient shore of Stíflusund.
Guðrøðr, the son of Hálfdan, asks King Haraldr of Agðir (Agder) for his daughter Ása in marriage but is refused. He therefore attacks the king’s residence; Ása’s father and brother die in the struggle and she is carried off and married to Guðrøðr. A few years later, while the king is anchored in Stíflusund, Guðrøðr is murdered by a servant of Ása as he departs drunk from a feast.
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