Þjóð Yt 22I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 22’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 48.
Þat ‘’
[1] Þat frá: om. F
hyrr ‘’
(not checked:)
hyrr (noun m.): fire
hverr ‘Everyone’
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2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every
[1] hverr: so J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ, hyrr Kˣ, papp18ˣ, 521ˣ, F, 761aˣ
at ‘that’
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4. at (conj.): that
Half ‘of Hálf’
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halfr (adj.): half < Halfdan (noun m.): Hálfdan
sǫkk ‘’
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sǫkk (noun n.) < sǫkkmiðlandi (noun m.)
danar ‘dan’
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Danr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): Dane < Halfdan (noun m.): Hálfdan
sǫk ‘’
(not checked:)
sǫk (noun f.; °sakar; sakar/sakir): cause, offence < sǫkmiðlandi (noun m.)
[3] sǫk‑: so papp18ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ, 761aˣ, sǫkk‑ Kˣ, 521ˣ, F
notes
[3] sǫkmiðlendr ‘the mediators’: This, the J reading, is adopted in most previous eds. It is a cpd of sǫk f. ‘lawsuit, case, cause’ and an agent noun from miðla ‘share’; Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) compares OIcel. miðla mál ‘to mediate in a lawsuit’. The exact implications of the term here are unclear. The reading of Kˣ and F, søkkmiðlendr, adopted in Hkr 1991, could be a standard kenning ‘dealers of wealth [GENEROUS MEN]’, if the existence of an ON word *sǫkk/søkk ‘wealth, treasure’ is accepted, but this is uncertain: see Note to st. 2/10 above.
miðlendr ‘the mediators’
(not checked:)
miðlandi (noun m.): sharer, mediator < sǫkmiðlandi (noun m.)miðlandi (noun m.): sharer, mediator < sǫkkmiðlandi (noun m.)
notes
[3] sǫkmiðlendr ‘the mediators’: This, the J reading, is adopted in most previous eds. It is a cpd of sǫk f. ‘lawsuit, case, cause’ and an agent noun from miðla ‘share’; Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) compares OIcel. miðla mál ‘to mediate in a lawsuit’. The exact implications of the term here are unclear. The reading of Kˣ and F, søkkmiðlendr, adopted in Hkr 1991, could be a standard kenning ‘dealers of wealth [GENEROUS MEN]’, if the existence of an ON word *sǫkk/søkk ‘wealth, treasure’ is accepted, but this is uncertain: see Note to st. 2/10 above.
sakna ‘feel the loss’
(not checked:)
sakna (verb): miss, feel loss
at ‘’
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4. at (conj.): that
skyldu ‘had to’
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skulu (verb): shall, should, must
Hallvarðs ‘’
(not checked:)
Hallvarðr (noun m.): Hallvard, Hallvarðr
kennings
hlífi-Nauma hallvarps‘the protecting Nauma of the cairn ’
= Hel
the protecting Nauma of the cairn → Hel
notes
[5-6] hlífi-Nauma hallvarps ‘the protecting Nauma <goddess> of the cairn [= Hel]’: Hel, goddess of death, also features in st. 7. Nauma appears to be a goddess or giantess, whose name occurs as the base-word in woman-kennings: see Note to Ótt Lv 3/8. The gen. hallvarps ‘of the cairn’ is to be understood as the object of the verbal element hlífi ‘protecting’ which is attached to Nauma. The hap. leg. hallvarp, lit. ‘stone-throwing’ is best interpreted as ‘heap of stones, cairn’ (so Wadstein 1895a, 76 and subsequent eds); Falk (1923a, 78) compares New Norw. varp, verp ‘heap of stones commemorating an event, cairn’. Although no other source associates Hel with a cairn, such an association is plausible given the use of cairns in burials or as commemorative monuments.
hlífi ‘the protecting’
(not checked:)
hlífa (verb): protect < hlífinauma (noun f.)
kennings
hlífi-Nauma hallvarps‘the protecting Nauma of the cairn ’
= Hel
the protecting Nauma of the cairn → Hel
notes
[5-6] hlífi-Nauma hallvarps ‘the protecting Nauma <goddess> of the cairn [= Hel]’: Hel, goddess of death, also features in st. 7. Nauma appears to be a goddess or giantess, whose name occurs as the base-word in woman-kennings: see Note to Ótt Lv 3/8. The gen. hallvarps ‘of the cairn’ is to be understood as the object of the verbal element hlífi ‘protecting’ which is attached to Nauma. The hap. leg. hallvarp, lit. ‘stone-throwing’ is best interpreted as ‘heap of stones, cairn’ (so Wadstein 1895a, 76 and subsequent eds); Falk (1923a, 78) compares New Norw. varp, verp ‘heap of stones commemorating an event, cairn’. Although no other source associates Hel with a cairn, such an association is plausible given the use of cairns in burials or as commemorative monuments.
Nauma ‘Nauma’
(not checked:)
Nauma (noun f.): Nauma < hlífinauma (noun f.)
kennings
hlífi-Nauma hallvarps‘the protecting Nauma of the cairn ’
= Hel
the protecting Nauma of the cairn → Hel
notes
[5-6] hlífi-Nauma hallvarps ‘the protecting Nauma <goddess> of the cairn [= Hel]’: Hel, goddess of death, also features in st. 7. Nauma appears to be a goddess or giantess, whose name occurs as the base-word in woman-kennings: see Note to Ótt Lv 3/8. The gen. hallvarps ‘of the cairn’ is to be understood as the object of the verbal element hlífi ‘protecting’ which is attached to Nauma. The hap. leg. hallvarp, lit. ‘stone-throwing’ is best interpreted as ‘heap of stones, cairn’ (so Wadstein 1895a, 76 and subsequent eds); Falk (1923a, 78) compares New Norw. varp, verp ‘heap of stones commemorating an event, cairn’. Although no other source associates Hel with a cairn, such an association is plausible given the use of cairns in burials or as commemorative monuments.
þjóð ‘the mighty’
(not checked:)
þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people < þjóðkonungr (noun m.): mighty king
konung ‘king’
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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king < þjóðkonungr (noun m.): mighty king
á ‘in’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
Þótni ‘Toten’
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Þótn (noun m.): [Toten]
tók ‘took’
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2. taka (verb): take
skereið ‘’
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Skereið (noun f.)
Ok ‘And’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
notes
[9] Skæreið: It is generally assumed that Skæreið is the subject of drúpir ‘droops, mourns’ and refers to a place (see LP: drúpa 1 for parallels), though it cannot be identified with any known place. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Skereið) suggests that the name is a cpd of sker ‘skerry’ and eið ‘point, isthmus’. This would seem incompatible with the localisation in Skíringssalr, since the site of the hall (salr) is not on the coast but inland. But the name Skíringssalr may even at an early date have referred to the district controlled by it (cf. Brink 2007b, 60-2 and Note to l. 10 below).
Skíris ‘’
í ‘in’
(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into
Skírings ‘Skírings’
(not checked:)
skíring (noun f.; °-ar): skíring < Skíringssalr (noun m.)
[10] Skírings‑: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, R685ˣ, ‘Skíris‑’ Kˣ, papp18ˣ, 521ˣ, 761aˣ
notes
[10] Skíringssal ‘Skíringssalr’: The first known written evidence for the p. n. is in the OE Ælfredian Orosius (late C9th), where it is called Sciringes heale ‘Sciring’s haugh/hale’ (Bately 2008, 47, 55). The second element appears to be the dat. sg. of OE h(e)alh ‘a nook of land, a corner of land, a water-meadow’ (Smith 1956, I, 223), but it could be a spelling or a substitution for OE heall ‘hall’, which would correspond with ON salr ‘hall’. During the Middle Ages Skíringssalr was the name of a district in Vestfold called Tjølling today (Storm 1899, 113; Hkr 1893-1901, IV). Excavations between 1999 and 2001 revealed a man-made plateau north of the old commercial centre Kaupang. It is the site of a very large building measuring 9-10m by 32-34m, and accompanying artefacts indicate that it was the hall of a Viking-Age ruler. The layout corresponds to that of C8th halls from the Mälaren region inspired by the great C7th hall in (Gamla) Uppsala (Skre and Stylegar 2004, 65-71; Skre 2007b, 426-7). Skíringssalr is at present the only known hall site of this kind outside the Mälaren region, which may suggest that it was a direct imitation of the Uppsala hall.
sal ‘salr’
(not checked:)
1. salr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; dat. sǫlum): hall < Skíringssalr (noun m.)1. salr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; dat. sǫlum): hall
notes
[10] Skíringssal ‘Skíringssalr’: The first known written evidence for the p. n. is in the OE Ælfredian Orosius (late C9th), where it is called Sciringes heale ‘Sciring’s haugh/hale’ (Bately 2008, 47, 55). The second element appears to be the dat. sg. of OE h(e)alh ‘a nook of land, a corner of land, a water-meadow’ (Smith 1956, I, 223), but it could be a spelling or a substitution for OE heall ‘hall’, which would correspond with ON salr ‘hall’. During the Middle Ages Skíringssalr was the name of a district in Vestfold called Tjølling today (Storm 1899, 113; Hkr 1893-1901, IV). Excavations between 1999 and 2001 revealed a man-made plateau north of the old commercial centre Kaupang. It is the site of a very large building measuring 9-10m by 32-34m, and accompanying artefacts indicate that it was the hall of a Viking-Age ruler. The layout corresponds to that of C8th halls from the Mälaren region inspired by the great C7th hall in (Gamla) Uppsala (Skre and Stylegar 2004, 65-71; Skre 2007b, 426-7). Skíringssalr is at present the only known hall site of this kind outside the Mälaren region, which may suggest that it was a direct imitation of the Uppsala hall.
of ‘over’
(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too
alfr ‘’
(not checked:)
alfr (noun m.; °; -ar): elf < brynjalfr (noun m.)
brynj ‘of the mailcoat’
kennings
brynjalfs‘of the mailcoat-elf ’
= WARRIOR
the mailcoat-elf → WARRIOR
kennings
brynjalfs‘of the mailcoat-elf ’
= WARRIOR
the mailcoat-elf → WARRIOR
beinum ‘the bones’
(not checked:)
bein (noun n.; °-s; -): bone
drúpir ‘mourns’
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drúpa (verb; °-pð-): droop
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Hálfdan hvítbeinn ‘White-bone’, son of Óláfr trételgja ‘Wood-cutter’, is king of Heiðmǫrk (Hedmark) and extends his rule to Þótn (Toten), Haðaland (Hadeland) and Vestfold. He lives to a great age before dying of an illness in Þótn, and is buried in a mound in Vestfold.
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