Þjóð Haustl 16^III

Þyrmðit ‘did not spare’

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þyrma (verb): respect, spare, revere

[1] Þyrmðit: ‘þverriðit’ W

Baldrs ‘of Baldr’

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Baldr (noun m.): [Baldr, Baldur]

kennings

notes

[1] of barmi Baldrs ‘the brother of Baldr [= Þórr]’: Baldr was Þórr’s half-brother; Óðinn was the father of both gods, but Þórr’s mother was Jǫrð (see Note to st. 15/7), while Baldr’s was Óðinn’s wife Frigg (SnE 2005, 45-8; Vsp 53). Barmi is a poetic word for brother, and means lit. ‘child nourished at the same breast’, untrue in this case. Cf. Bragi Rdr 3/8 of barmar Erps ‘the brothers of Erpr’, also used of half-brothers. Of is here the pleonastic particle (LP: 1. of C), sometimes found in early poetry with nouns of kinship or close friendship; in Haustl there are instances of this usage in of rúni Þórs ‘confidant of Þórr [= Loki]’ st. 8/5, of rúna trolls trjónu ‘friend of the troll of the muzzle [= Mjǫllnir > = Þórr]’ st. 17/7 and here; cf. Kuhn (1929a) and Fidjestøl (1989b).

of ‘The’

(not checked:)
4. of (particle): (before verb)

[1] of: af W

kennings

notes

[1] of barmi Baldrs ‘the brother of Baldr [= Þórr]’: Baldr was Þórr’s half-brother; Óðinn was the father of both gods, but Þórr’s mother was Jǫrð (see Note to st. 15/7), while Baldr’s was Óðinn’s wife Frigg (SnE 2005, 45-8; Vsp 53). Barmi is a poetic word for brother, and means lit. ‘child nourished at the same breast’, untrue in this case. Cf. Bragi Rdr 3/8 of barmar Erps ‘the brothers of Erpr’, also used of half-brothers. Of is here the pleonastic particle (LP: 1. of C), sometimes found in early poetry with nouns of kinship or close friendship; in Haustl there are instances of this usage in of rúni Þórs ‘confidant of Þórr [= Loki]’ st. 8/5, of rúna trolls trjónu ‘friend of the troll of the muzzle [= Mjǫllnir > = Þórr]’ st. 17/7 and here; cf. Kuhn (1929a) and Fidjestøl (1989b).

barmi ‘brother’

(not checked:)
barmi (noun m.): brother

kennings

notes

[1] of barmi Baldrs ‘the brother of Baldr [= Þórr]’: Baldr was Þórr’s half-brother; Óðinn was the father of both gods, but Þórr’s mother was Jǫrð (see Note to st. 15/7), while Baldr’s was Óðinn’s wife Frigg (SnE 2005, 45-8; Vsp 53). Barmi is a poetic word for brother, and means lit. ‘child nourished at the same breast’, untrue in this case. Cf. Bragi Rdr 3/8 of barmar Erps ‘the brothers of Erpr’, also used of half-brothers. Of is here the pleonastic particle (LP: 1. of C), sometimes found in early poetry with nouns of kinship or close friendship; in Haustl there are instances of this usage in of rúni Þórs ‘confidant of Þórr [= Loki]’ st. 8/5, of rúna trolls trjónu ‘friend of the troll of the muzzle [= Mjǫllnir > = Þórr]’ st. 17/7 and here; cf. Kuhn (1929a) and Fidjestøl (1989b).

berg ‘rocks’

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berg (noun n.; °-s; -): rock, cliff

notes

[2, 3] berg hristusk ok bjǫrg brustu ‘rocks were shaken and crags burst apart’: It would also be possible to arrange the word order as bjǫrg hristusk ok berg brustu ‘crags were shaken and rocks burst apart’ (so Skj B). Kock (NN §§141, 2409, 2506) suggested several ways of construing ll. 1-4 without an intercalary, though none of them are persuasive, and several require emendation (Skald has bergfolgnum ‘rock-sheltered’ (l. 2), agreeing with dolgi ‘enemy’ (l. 2) and takes upphiminn manna ‘heaven above of men’ (l. 4) as a sky-kenning).

solgnum ‘the greedy’

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solginn (adj.)

kennings

þar ‘there’

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þar (adv.): there

[2] þar: sák W

dolgi ‘enemy’

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dolgr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): enemy, battle

kennings

hristusk ‘were shaken’

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hrista (verb): shake

notes

[2, 3] berg hristusk ok bjǫrg brustu ‘rocks were shaken and crags burst apart’: It would also be possible to arrange the word order as bjǫrg hristusk ok berg brustu ‘crags were shaken and rocks burst apart’ (so Skj B). Kock (NN §§141, 2409, 2506) suggested several ways of construing ll. 1-4 without an intercalary, though none of them are persuasive, and several require emendation (Skald has bergfolgnum ‘rock-sheltered’ (l. 2), agreeing with dolgi ‘enemy’ (l. 2) and takes upphiminn manna ‘heaven above of men’ (l. 4) as a sky-kenning).

bjǫrg ‘crags’

(not checked:)
bjarg (noun n.; °-s; *-): mountain, cliff

notes

[2, 3] berg hristusk ok bjǫrg brustu ‘rocks were shaken and crags burst apart’: It would also be possible to arrange the word order as bjǫrg hristusk ok berg brustu ‘crags were shaken and rocks burst apart’ (so Skj B). Kock (NN §§141, 2409, 2506) suggested several ways of construing ll. 1-4 without an intercalary, though none of them are persuasive, and several require emendation (Skald has bergfolgnum ‘rock-sheltered’ (l. 2), agreeing with dolgi ‘enemy’ (l. 2) and takes upphiminn manna ‘heaven above of men’ (l. 4) as a sky-kenning).

ok ‘and’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

notes

[2, 3] berg hristusk ok bjǫrg brustu ‘rocks were shaken and crags burst apart’: It would also be possible to arrange the word order as bjǫrg hristusk ok berg brustu ‘crags were shaken and rocks burst apart’ (so Skj B). Kock (NN §§141, 2409, 2506) suggested several ways of construing ll. 1-4 without an intercalary, though none of them are persuasive, and several require emendation (Skald has bergfolgnum ‘rock-sheltered’ (l. 2), agreeing with dolgi ‘enemy’ (l. 2) and takes upphiminn manna ‘heaven above of men’ (l. 4) as a sky-kenning).

brustu ‘burst apart’

(not checked:)
1. bresta (verb; °brestr; brast, brustu; brostinn): burst, split

notes

[2, 3] berg hristusk ok bjǫrg brustu ‘rocks were shaken and crags burst apart’: It would also be possible to arrange the word order as bjǫrg hristusk ok berg brustu ‘crags were shaken and rocks burst apart’ (so Skj B). Kock (NN §§141, 2409, 2506) suggested several ways of construing ll. 1-4 without an intercalary, though none of them are persuasive, and several require emendation (Skald has bergfolgnum ‘rock-sheltered’ (l. 2), agreeing with dolgi ‘enemy’ (l. 2) and takes upphiminn manna ‘heaven above of men’ (l. 4) as a sky-kenning).

brann ‘burnt’

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2. brenna (verb; °brennr/brenn; brann, brunnu; brunninn): (strong, intransitive)

upp ‘above’

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upp (adv.): up < upphiminn (noun m.): high heavens

[4] upp‑: ‘rꜳn’ W

himinn ‘the heaven’

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himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky < upphiminn (noun m.): high heavens

manna ‘of men’

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maðr (noun m.): man, person

[4] manna: mána W

kennings

Mjǫk ‘very violently’

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mjǫk (adv.): very, much

frák ‘I have heard that’

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1. fregna (verb): hear of

móti ‘in opposition’

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móti (prep.): against

[5] móti: mæri or mæti W

hrøkkva ‘moved’

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1. hrøkkva (verb): coil

[5] hrøkkva: ‘hrau\c/kua’ Tˣ

myrk ‘of the dark’

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2. myrkr (adj.; °-an/-jan/-van; compar. -(v)ari/-ri, superl. -(v)astr): dark, murky < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

myrk ‘of the dark’

(not checked:)
2. myrkr (adj.; °-an/-jan/-van; compar. -(v)ari/-ri, superl. -(v)astr): dark, murky < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

myrk ‘of the dark’

(not checked:)
2. myrkr (adj.; °-an/-jan/-van; compar. -(v)ari/-ri, superl. -(v)astr): dark, murky < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

beins ‘bone’

(not checked:)
bein (noun n.; °-s; -): bone < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

beins ‘bone’

(not checked:)
bein (noun n.; °-s; -): bone < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

beins ‘bone’

(not checked:)
bein (noun n.; °-s; -): bone < myrkbein (noun n.)

[6] myrkbeins: so W, myrk hreins R, mein þorns Tˣ

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

Haka ‘of Haki’

(not checked:)
Haki (noun m.): Haki

[6] Haka: so all others, baka R

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

Haka ‘of Haki’

(not checked:)
Haki (noun m.): Haki

[6] Haka: so all others, baka R

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

Haka ‘of Haki’

(not checked:)
Haki (noun m.): Haki

[6] Haka: so all others, baka R

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

Haka ‘of Haki’

(not checked:)
Haki (noun m.): Haki

[6] Haka: so all others, baka R

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

reinar ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
rein (noun f.): strip of land

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

reinar ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
rein (noun f.): strip of land

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

reinar ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
rein (noun f.): strip of land

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

reinar ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
rein (noun f.): strip of land

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

þás ‘when’

(not checked:)
2. er (conj.): who, which, when

vígligan ‘warlike’

(not checked:)
vígligr (adj.): warlike

vagna ‘of killer whales’

(not checked:)
vagna (noun f.; °*-u): killer whale, orca

[7] vagna (‘vꜹgna’): ‘vaugna’ Tˣ, ‘vogna’ W

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

vagna ‘of killer whales’

(not checked:)
vagna (noun f.; °*-u): killer whale, orca

[7] vagna (‘vꜹgna’): ‘vaugna’ Tˣ, ‘vogna’ W

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

vátt ‘the knower’

(not checked:)
váttr (noun m.; °váttar; dat. vátt/vǽtti; váttar/vǽttir, acc. vátta/váttu/vǽtta): witness

[8] vátt: so all others, ‘vatr’ R

kennings

notes

[6, 7, 8] vátt vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king> [SEA > ROCK > GIANTS > GIANT = Hrungnir]’: There has been considerable debate among scholars about the most plausible arrangement of the elements of this extended giant-kenning. In this kenning, vagna ‘of killer whales’ is strictly speaking redundant, as váttr myrkbeins reinar Haka ‘knower of the dark bone of the land of Haki <sea-king>’ could be understood on its own as a giant-kenning. The interpretation adopted here, originally proposed by Reichardt (1928, 102), follows the word order of the helmingr most closely. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) offers the slightly more convoluted vátt myrkbeins reinar vagna Haka ‘the knower of the dark bone of the land of the carriages of Haki <sea-king> [SHIPS > SEA > ROCK > GIANT = Hrungnir]’. Vátt lit. ‘witness’, ‘knower’, possibly ‘frequenter’ (l. 8) is the direct object of frák ‘I have heard’ (l. 5). Vagna (or vǫgna, as the spelling of the mss seems to suggest, cf. ANG §81) may either be gen. pl. of vǫgn ‘killer whale, orca’, as understood here (cf. st. 4/5 ving-Rǫgnir vagna ‘the swinging Rǫgnir <= Óðinn> of killer whales [GIANT = Þjazi]’), or gen. pl. of vagn ‘carriage, chariot’. Marold (1983, 171 n. 415) offers a thorough refutation of the readings of Kock (NN §§226, 1813, 2505, 3097A and Skald) and various other scholars.

sinn ‘his’

(not checked:)
3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)

bana ‘slayer’

(not checked:)
bani (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death, killer

þátti ‘he recognised’

[8] þátti: so all others, ‘þatri’ R