Þjóð Haustl 1^III

Hvé ‘How’

(not checked:)
hvé (adv.): how

[1] Hvé skalk (‘Hue skal ec’): so Tˣ, ‘[…]’ R, hvé skal W

skalk ‘can I’

(not checked:)
skulu (verb): shall, should, must

[1] Hvé skalk (‘Hue skal ec’): so Tˣ, ‘[…]’ R, hvé skal W

gótt ‘good’

(not checked:)
góðr (adj.): good

[1] gótt: ‘[…]’ R, ‘got’ Tˣ, ‘goðs’ W

notes

[1] gótt … at gjǫldum ‘good … as recompense’: The line lacks skothending, but this is common in early skaldic verse (cf. Gade 1995a, 6). The prep. at in Tˣ and W is required on grounds of sense and metre and may also have been present in R (so, tentatively Skj AI, 16 n. and Faulkes, SnE 1998, I, 139). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) adopts W’s góðs and renders the line as Hvé skalk góðs at gjǫldum, but does not provide a prose order or translation for ll. 1-4. Kock (Skald; cf. NN §3197A) emends gótt/góðs to gilds, for which there is no ms. justification. Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 177) has proposed construing ll. 1-2 without at (l. 1) as ‘…’, but this must be rejected as hypometrical and syntactically dubious.

at ‘as’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

[1] at: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

notes

[1] gótt … at gjǫldum ‘good … as recompense’: The line lacks skothending, but this is common in early skaldic verse (cf. Gade 1995a, 6). The prep. at in Tˣ and W is required on grounds of sense and metre and may also have been present in R (so, tentatively Skj AI, 16 n. and Faulkes, SnE 1998, I, 139). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) adopts W’s góðs and renders the line as Hvé skalk góðs at gjǫldum, but does not provide a prose order or translation for ll. 1-4. Kock (Skald; cf. NN §3197A) emends gótt/góðs to gilds, for which there is no ms. justification. Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 177) has proposed construing ll. 1-2 without at (l. 1) as ‘…’, but this must be rejected as hypometrical and syntactically dubious.

gjǫldum ‘recompense’

(not checked:)
gjald (noun n.): payment, reward, return

[1] gjǫldum: ‘[…]’ R, ‘gioldo’ Tˣ, ‘gjǫld[…]’ W

notes

[1] gótt … at gjǫldum ‘good … as recompense’: The line lacks skothending, but this is common in early skaldic verse (cf. Gade 1995a, 6). The prep. at in Tˣ and W is required on grounds of sense and metre and may also have been present in R (so, tentatively Skj AI, 16 n. and Faulkes, SnE 1998, I, 139). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) adopts W’s góðs and renders the line as Hvé skalk góðs at gjǫldum, but does not provide a prose order or translation for ll. 1-4. Kock (Skald; cf. NN §3197A) emends gótt/góðs to gilds, for which there is no ms. justification. Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 177) has proposed construing ll. 1-2 without at (l. 1) as ‘…’, but this must be rejected as hypometrical and syntactically dubious.

gunn ‘of the battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnveggr (noun m.): [battle-wall]

kennings

notes

[2] brú gunnveggjar ‘for the bridge of the battle-wall [SHIELD-WALL > SHIELD]’: It is presumed that brú ‘bridge’ is dat. Gunnveggr ‘battle-wall’ (hap. leg.) refers to a defensive formation of overlapping shields presented to the enemy in battle.

gunn ‘of the battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnveggr (noun m.): [battle-wall]

kennings

notes

[2] brú gunnveggjar ‘for the bridge of the battle-wall [SHIELD-WALL > SHIELD]’: It is presumed that brú ‘bridge’ is dat. Gunnveggr ‘battle-wall’ (hap. leg.) refers to a defensive formation of overlapping shields presented to the enemy in battle.

veggjar ‘wall’

(not checked:)
1. veggr (noun m.; °-jar/-s(Páll²A 257³³), dat. -/-i(kun defin.); -ir): wall < gunnveggr (noun m.): [battle-wall]

[2] ‑veggjar: ‑veigar Tˣ

kennings

notes

[2] brú gunnveggjar ‘for the bridge of the battle-wall [SHIELD-WALL > SHIELD]’: It is presumed that brú ‘bridge’ is dat. Gunnveggr ‘battle-wall’ (hap. leg.) refers to a defensive formation of overlapping shields presented to the enemy in battle.

veggjar ‘wall’

(not checked:)
1. veggr (noun m.; °-jar/-s(Páll²A 257³³), dat. -/-i(kun defin.); -ir): wall < gunnveggr (noun m.): [battle-wall]

[2] ‑veggjar: ‑veigar Tˣ

kennings

notes

[2] brú gunnveggjar ‘for the bridge of the battle-wall [SHIELD-WALL > SHIELD]’: It is presumed that brú ‘bridge’ is dat. Gunnveggr ‘battle-wall’ (hap. leg.) refers to a defensive formation of overlapping shields presented to the enemy in battle.

brú ‘for the bridge’

(not checked:)
brú (noun f.; °-ar; brúar/brýr/brúr(Hák81 557ˆ)): bridge, causeway

[2] brú leggja: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

kennings

notes

[2] brú gunnveggjar ‘for the bridge of the battle-wall [SHIELD-WALL > SHIELD]’: It is presumed that brú ‘bridge’ is dat. Gunnveggr ‘battle-wall’ (hap. leg.) refers to a defensive formation of overlapping shields presented to the enemy in battle.

leggja ‘provide’

(not checked:)
leggja (verb): put, lay

[2] brú leggja: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

… ‘…’

(not checked:)
(non-lexical)

[3] …: ‘[…]’ R, om. Tˣ, space for one line left but not filled in W

notes

[1] gótt … at gjǫldum ‘good … as recompense’: The line lacks skothending, but this is common in early skaldic verse (cf. Gade 1995a, 6). The prep. at in Tˣ and W is required on grounds of sense and metre and may also have been present in R (so, tentatively Skj AI, 16 n. and Faulkes, SnE 1998, I, 139). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) adopts W’s góðs and renders the line as Hvé skalk góðs at gjǫldum, but does not provide a prose order or translation for ll. 1-4. Kock (Skald; cf. NN §3197A) emends gótt/góðs to gilds, for which there is no ms. justification. Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 177) has proposed construing ll. 1-2 without at (l. 1) as ‘…’, but this must be rejected as hypometrical and syntactically dubious.

radd ‘voice’

(not checked:)
rǫdd (noun f.; °raddar, dat. -/u; raddir): voice < raddkleif (noun f.)

[4] raddkleif: ‘[…]’ R, naddkleif Tˣ, ‘[…]addkleif’ W

kennings

notes

[4] raddkleif ‘voice-cliff [SHIELD]’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj A) reported in a note that the initial <r> of this cpd was beskadiget ‘damaged’ in W, though he gives ‘raddkleif’ in the variant readings, while Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 139) claimed it was illegible by the time he came to examine it, and it is illegible now. The shield-kenning is unusual, and may not be complete, assuming the rest of an inverted tvíkent kenning comprised the gen. of a word for ‘weapon’, whose voice is battle, and whose cliff is a shield (cf. SnE 1998, II, 372). Holtsmark (1949, 9) adopts Tˣ’s reading naddkleif ‘spear-point cliff [SHIELD]’.

kleif ‘cliff’

(not checked:)
kleif (noun f.; °; -ar): cliff < raddkleif (noun f.)

[4] raddkleif: ‘[…]’ R, naddkleif Tˣ, ‘[…]addkleif’ W

kennings

notes

[4] raddkleif ‘voice-cliff [SHIELD]’: Finnur Jónsson (Skj A) reported in a note that the initial <r> of this cpd was beskadiget ‘damaged’ in W, though he gives ‘raddkleif’ in the variant readings, while Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 139) claimed it was illegible by the time he came to examine it, and it is illegible now. The shield-kenning is unusual, and may not be complete, assuming the rest of an inverted tvíkent kenning comprised the gen. of a word for ‘weapon’, whose voice is battle, and whose cliff is a shield (cf. SnE 1998, II, 372). Holtsmark (1949, 9) adopts Tˣ’s reading naddkleif ‘spear-point cliff [SHIELD]’.

at ‘from’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

[4] at Þórleifi: so all others, ‘[…]’ R;    at: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

notes

[4] at Þórleifi ‘from Þorleifr’: Presumably the name of the poet’s patron, possibly (certainly LP: Þórleifr) to be identified with Þorleifr inn spaki ‘the Wise’, the son of Hǫrða-Kári, c. 900, or possibly later, if he is the same Þorleifr as the one who was involved in setting up the Icelandic alþingi in 930 (cf. ÍF 1, 7 and n., 313; cf. ÍF 26, 163 n.; SnE 1998, I, 169; Holtsmark 1949, 5).

Þórleifi ‘Þorleifr’

(not checked:)
Þórleifr (noun m.): Þorleifr, Thorleifr

[4] at Þórleifi: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

notes

[4] at Þórleifi ‘from Þorleifr’: Presumably the name of the poet’s patron, possibly (certainly LP: Þórleifr) to be identified with Þorleifr inn spaki ‘the Wise’, the son of Hǫrða-Kári, c. 900, or possibly later, if he is the same Þorleifr as the one who was involved in setting up the Icelandic alþingi in 930 (cf. ÍF 1, 7 and n., 313; cf. ÍF 26, 163 n.; SnE 1998, I, 169; Holtsmark 1949, 5).

Tý ‘god’

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Týr (noun m.): Týr < týframr (adj.)

framra ‘bold’

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framr (adj.; °compar. framari/fremri, superl. framastr/fremstr): outstanding, foremost < týframr (adj.)

[5] ‑framra: framma Tˣ

sék ‘I see’

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2. sjá (verb): see

‘’

(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

tíva ‘deities’

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tívar (noun m.): gods

[5] tíva: so W, ‘tifa’ R, Tˣ

trygglaust ‘the insecure’

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trygglauss (adj.): [insecure]

of ‘’

(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[6] of: ok all

notes

[6] of: Emendation, as all mss read ok ‘and’. Of is a pleonastic particle used with pret. tenses and pret. participles of verbs and some nouns, found most often in early poetry, later replaced by um (cf. Kuhn 1929a; Fidjestøl 1989b).

far ‘situation’

(not checked:)
far (noun n.; °-s; *-): travel, vessel, trace, life, conduct

[6] far: so W, ‘fia[…]’ R, fjár Tˣ

þriggja ‘of three’

(not checked:)
þrír (num. cardinal): three

[6] þriggja: so all others, ‘[…]’ R

á ‘on’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

[7] á hreingǫru: so W, ‘[…]ro’ R, ‘hleingo᷎ro’ Tˣ

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

hrein ‘the brightly’

(not checked:)
2. hreinn (adj.; °compar. hreinari/hreinni, superl. hreinastr/hreinstr): pure < hreingǫrr (adj.)

[7] á hreingǫru: so W, ‘[…]ro’ R, ‘hleingo᷎ro’ Tˣ

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

gǫru ‘made’

(not checked:)
1. gera (verb): do, make < hreingǫrr (adj.)

[7] á hreingǫru: so W, ‘[…]ro’ R, ‘hleingo᷎ro’ Tˣ

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

hlýri ‘surface’

(not checked:)
2. hlýr (noun n.; °-s; -): cheek, bow

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

Hildar ‘of Hildr’

(not checked:)
2. Hildr (noun f.): Hildr

[8] Hildar: so all others, ‘hild[…]’ R

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

Hildar ‘of Hildr’

(not checked:)
2. Hildr (noun f.): Hildr

[8] Hildar: so all others, ‘hild[…]’ R

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

fats ‘of the clothing’

(not checked:)
fat (noun n.; °; *-): garments

[8] fats: ‘vez’ all

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

fats ‘of the clothing’

(not checked:)
fat (noun n.; °; *-): garments

[8] fats: ‘vez’ all

kennings

notes

[7-8] á hreingǫru hlýri fats Hildar ‘on the brightly-made surface of the clothing of Hildr <valkyrie> [ARMOUR > SHIELD-FACE]’: Þjóðólfr seems to have created this unusual tvíkent kenning to draw his audience’s attention to the brightly decorated shield-face upon which the scenes he was to describe were painted or carved.

ok ‘and’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

Þjaza ‘Þjazi’

(not checked:)
Þjazi (noun m.): Þjazi

notes

[8] Þjaza ‘Þjazi’: Name of a giant, mentioned in a number of eddic and skaldic poems, as well as in Gylf (SnE 2005, 23-4) and Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1-2). Various etymologies of his name have been proposed; see AEW: Þjazi and Note to Þul Jǫtna I 1/4. He sought to abduct the goddess Iðunn by pressuring Loki into enticing her away from Ásgarðr, after he had first prevented Óðinn’s, Hœnir’s and Loki’s dinner (an ox) from cooking while they were away from home. After his death, his daughter Skaði sought compensation from the gods for her father’s killing.