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skaldic

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Þhorn Harkv 11I

R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Haraldskvæði (Hrafnsmál) 11’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 106.

Þorbjǫrn hornklofiHaraldskvæði (Hrafnsmál)
101112

Á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

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baki ‘their backs’

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bak (noun n.; °-s; *-): back

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leitu ‘’

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létu ‘made’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

[1] létu: leitu J1ˣ

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blika ‘’

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2. blika (verb; °-að-): [gleamed]

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blíkja ‘gleam’

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blíkja (verb): gleam, glisten

[1] blíkja: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 51ˣ, FskBˣ, 302ˣ, FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, R, Tˣ, W, U, blika Kˣ, Flat

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vôru ‘they were’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

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grjóti ‘with stones’

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grjót (noun n.): rock, stone

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svafins ‘’

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Svǫlnis ‘’

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Svǫlnir (noun m.): Svǫlnir

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Sváfnis ‘of Sváfnir’

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Sváfnir (noun m.): Sváfnir

[3] Sváfnis: Svǫlnis F, U, ‘svafins’ FskAˣ

kennings

Sváfnis salnæfrar
‘hall-shingles of Sváfnir’
   = SHIELDS

the hall of Sváfnir → Valhǫll
shingles of VALHǪLL → SHIELDS

notes

[3] Sváfnis ‘of Sváfnir <= Óðinn>’: Etymologically ‘one who puts to sleep’, i.e. kills (see Note to Þul Óðins 4/3III). On the variant reading Svǫlnis, another name for Óðinn, see Note to Þul Óðins 6/5III and Falk (1924, 29).

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Sváfnis ‘of Sváfnir’

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Sváfnir (noun m.): Sváfnir

[3] Sváfnis: Svǫlnis F, U, ‘svafins’ FskAˣ

kennings

Sváfnis salnæfrar
‘hall-shingles of Sváfnir’
   = SHIELDS

the hall of Sváfnir → Valhǫll
shingles of VALHǪLL → SHIELDS

notes

[3] Sváfnis ‘of Sváfnir <= Óðinn>’: Etymologically ‘one who puts to sleep’, i.e. kills (see Note to Þul Óðins 4/3III). On the variant reading Svǫlnis, another name for Óðinn, see Note to Þul Óðins 6/5III and Falk (1924, 29).

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sal ‘of the hall’

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1. salr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; dat. sǫlum): hall < salnæfr (noun f.)

[3] sal‑: sval‑ J1ˣ, Tˣ

kennings

Sváfnis salnæfrar
‘hall-shingles of Sváfnir’
   = SHIELDS

the hall of Sváfnir → Valhǫll
shingles of VALHǪLL → SHIELDS

notes

[3] salnæfrar ‘hall-shingles’: Birch bark was used for laths under the thatch (cf. Note to ÞjóðA Magn 6/7II). The kenning derives its meaning from the belief that the roof of Valhǫll was formed of gilded shields (see Grí 9/5; SnE 2005, 7).

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sal ‘of the hall’

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1. salr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; dat. sǫlum): hall < salnæfr (noun f.)

[3] sal‑: sval‑ J1ˣ, Tˣ

kennings

Sváfnis salnæfrar
‘hall-shingles of Sváfnir’
   = SHIELDS

the hall of Sváfnir → Valhǫll
shingles of VALHǪLL → SHIELDS

notes

[3] salnæfrar ‘hall-shingles’: Birch bark was used for laths under the thatch (cf. Note to ÞjóðA Magn 6/7II). The kenning derives its meaning from the belief that the roof of Valhǫll was formed of gilded shields (see Grí 9/5; SnE 2005, 7).

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næfrar ‘shingles’

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1. næfr (noun f.; °-ar; -ar/-ir(DN III (1322) 128²⁴)): roof-shingle < salnæfr (noun f.)1. næfr (noun f.; °-ar; -ar/-ir(DN III (1322) 128²⁴)): roof-shingle < svalnæfr (noun f.)

kennings

Sváfnis salnæfrar
‘hall-shingles of Sváfnir’
   = SHIELDS

the hall of Sváfnir → Valhǫll
shingles of VALHǪLL → SHIELDS

notes

[3] salnæfrar ‘hall-shingles’: Birch bark was used for laths under the thatch (cf. Note to ÞjóðA Magn 6/7II). The kenning derives its meaning from the belief that the roof of Valhǫll was formed of gilded shields (see Grí 9/5; SnE 2005, 7).

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seggir ‘men’

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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man

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hyggjandu ‘’

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hyggjandi ‘Sensible’

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hyggendi (noun f.; °-/-ar(BarlReyk 107²‰)): wisdom

[4] hyggjandi: so F, J2ˣ, 51ˣ, FskBˣ, 302ˣ, FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, Flat, R, W, U, ‘hyggiando’ Kˣ, Tˣ

notes

[4] hyggjandi ‘sensible’: The meaning is clearly ironic, given the open contempt for the enemy throughout the stanza.

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œstisk ‘’

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œsa (verb): surge

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Œstusk ‘were stirred up’

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œsa (verb): surge

[5] Œstusk: œstisk J1ˣ, J2ˣ

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aust ‘The east’

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2. austr (noun n.; °-s): the east < austkylfa (noun f.)2. austr (noun n.; °-s): the east2. austr (noun n.; °-s): the east

[5] aust‑: auð‑ F, austr J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Flat

notes

[5] austkylfur ‘the east-cudgels’: A dismissive term for Kjǫtvi’s fleeing men: like ModIcel. drumbur, kylfa signifies both a piece of wood and a contemptible person. As for aust- ‘east’, regardless of whether Kjǫtvi was king of Agðir (Agder), as Hkr indicates, his men’s flight across Jaðarr (Jæren) indicates that their home was (south and) east of Hafrsfjǫrðr (Hafrsfjorden). See also Notes to sts 7/4, 7/5 (austan) and 9/3.

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kylpur ‘’

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kylgur ‘’

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kylfr ‘’

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kylfur ‘cudgels’

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1. kylfa (noun f.; °-u; -ur): club < austkylfa (noun f.)1. kylfa (noun f.; °-u; -ur): club < austrkylfa (noun f.)1. kylfa (noun f.; °-u; -ur): club < auðkylfa (noun f.)

[5] ‑kylfur: so F, J1ˣ, FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, ‘‑kylpur’ Kˣ, ‘kylfr’ J2ˣ, ‘‑kylgur’ 51ˣ, FskBˣ, 302ˣ, om. Flat

notes

[5] austkylfur ‘the east-cudgels’: A dismissive term for Kjǫtvi’s fleeing men: like ModIcel. drumbur, kylfa signifies both a piece of wood and a contemptible person. As for aust- ‘east’, regardless of whether Kjǫtvi was king of Agðir (Agder), as Hkr indicates, his men’s flight across Jaðarr (Jæren) indicates that their home was (south and) east of Hafrsfjǫrðr (Hafrsfjorden). See also Notes to sts 7/4, 7/5 (austan) and 9/3.

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ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[6] ok of Jaðar (‘ok vm jaðar’): um Jaðarbyggðir Flat

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of ‘across’

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3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[6] ok of Jaðar (‘ok vm jaðar’): um Jaðarbyggðir Flat

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Jaðarbyggðir ‘’

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Jaðarbyggð (noun f.)

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Jaðar ‘Jæren’

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2. Jaðarr (noun m.): Jæren

[6] ok of Jaðar (‘ok vm jaðar’): um Jaðarbyggðir Flat

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[6] Jaðar ‘Jæren’: The region along the North Sea coast south of Stavanger.

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hljópu ‘ran’

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hlaupa (verb): leap, run

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heim ‘homewards’

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heim (adv.): home, back

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ór ‘from’

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3. ór (prep.): out of

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fyrði ‘’

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firði ‘fjorden’

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fjǫrðr (noun m.): fjord < Hafrsfjǫrðr (noun m.): [Hafrsfjorden]

[7] ‑firði: so all others, ‘fyrþi’ Kˣ

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ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

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hugðu ‘concentrated’

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2. hyggja (verb): think, consider

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á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

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mjǫð ‘mead’

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mjǫðr (noun m.; °dat. miði): mead < 1. mjǫðdrykkja (noun f.)

[8] mjǫð‑: mjaðar 51ˣ, FskBˣ, 302ˣ

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Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

In Fsk, Hkr and Flat, as for st. 7. In SnE (Gylf), ll. 1-4 are cited as evidence for the remark that Valhǫll was roofed with shields.

[1-4]: In SnE the helmingr is attributed to Þjóðólfr ór Hvini.

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