Þhorn Gldr 5I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Glymdrápa 5’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 84.
hafði ‘’
(not checked:)
hafa (verb): have
gramr ‘The king’
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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
þá ‘’
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2. þá (adv.): then
gnýði ‘’
gnúði ‘’
(not checked:)
gnýja (verb): roar
gniðu ‘’
gunnar ‘’
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gunnr (noun f.): battle
gnúðu ‘roared’
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gnýja (verb): roar
[1] gnúðu: gniðu F, C, gnúði FskBˣ, FskAˣ, Flat, gunnar Tˣ, ‘[…]vþi’ U, gnýði A
geirs ‘’
(not checked:)
geirr (noun m.): spear
kennings
hregg geira‘a storm of spears ’
= BATTLE
a storm of spears → BATTLE
hregg ‘a storm’
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hregg (noun n.): storm
kennings
hregg geira‘a storm of spears ’
= BATTLE
a storm of spears → BATTLE
viðar ‘’
(not checked:)
1. viðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -i/-; -ir, acc. -u/-i): wood, tree
seggi ‘men’
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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man
rauð ‘the red’
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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red
fnustu ‘’
fnýstu ‘’
fýstu ‘’
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fýsa (verb): desire, encourage
fnýsti ‘spurted’
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fnýsa (verb): [spurted]
[3] fnýsti: fnýstu F, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, Tˣ, U, A, C, fýstu Flat, ‘fnvstv’ R
ben ‘wound’
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1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4° D)): wound
bryn ‘mail-shirt’
[4] bryn‑: ben‑ F, Flat, R, Tˣ, W, A, C, ‘[…]en’ U
kennings
bryngǫgl‘mail-shirt-goslings ’
= ARROWS
mail-shirt-goslings → ARROWS
notes
[4] bryngǫgl ‘mail-shirt-goslings [ARROWS]’: Bryn-, the reading of Fsk and most Hkr mss, produces an ornamental double aðalhending in l. 4, of bryn : dyn and gǫgl : Skǫglar (see Kuhn 1983, 282; Naumann 1998, 239). The variant ben- ‘wound’ in some mss would give bengǫgl ‘wound-goslings [RAVEN/EAGLE]’, but bryn is preferable since it is the reading of the main ms Kˣ.
gaul ‘’
(not checked:)
gaul (noun n.): °hyl, skrig, brøl < bryngaul (noun n.)
gǫgl ‘goslings’
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gagl (noun n.): gosling < bryngagl (noun m.)gagl (noun n.): gosling < bengagl (noun n.)
[4] ‑gǫgl: ‘‑gaul’ J1ˣ
kennings
bryngǫgl‘mail-shirt-goslings ’
= ARROWS
mail-shirt-goslings → ARROWS
notes
[4] bryngǫgl ‘mail-shirt-goslings [ARROWS]’: Bryn-, the reading of Fsk and most Hkr mss, produces an ornamental double aðalhending in l. 4, of bryn : dyn and gǫgl : Skǫglar (see Kuhn 1983, 282; Naumann 1998, 239). The variant ben- ‘wound’ in some mss would give bengǫgl ‘wound-goslings [RAVEN/EAGLE]’, but bryn is preferable since it is the reading of the main ms Kˣ.
við ‘’
(not checked:)
2. við (prep.): with, against
at ‘’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
ara ‘’
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1. ari (noun m.; °-a; -ar): eagle
kennings
dyn Skǫglar;‘the din of Skǫgul; ’
= BATTLE
the din of Skǫgul; → BATTLE
kennings
dyn Skǫglar;‘the din of Skǫgul; ’
= BATTLE
the din of Skǫgul; → BATTLE
þás ‘as’
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þás (conj.): when
á ‘on’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
roustn ‘’
raustn ‘’
raunsn ‘’
rausn ‘the forecastle’
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2. rausn (noun f.): forecastle
[5] rausn: ‘raunsn’ J1ˣ, ‘roustn’ FskAˣ, ‘raustn’ 761aˣ
fyr ‘before’
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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
ræsi ‘the ruler’
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ræsir (noun m.): ruler
réð ‘gained’
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ráða (verb): advise, rule, interpret, decide
egg ‘the blade’
kennings
egglituðr‘the blade-stainer ’
= WARRIOR = Haraldr
the blade-stainer → WARRIOR = Haraldr
litaðr ‘’
(not checked:)
-litaðr (adj.): [coloured] < 1. egg (noun f.): edge, blade
hróðr ‘’
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hróðr (noun m.): encomium, praise < egghróðr (noun m.)
lituðr ‘stainer’
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lituðr (noun m.): colourer < egglituðr (noun m.)
[6] ‑lituðr: ‑litaðr F, FskAˣ, 761aˣ, ‑hróðr Flat
kennings
egglituðr‘the blade-stainer ’
= WARRIOR = Haraldr
the blade-stainer → WARRIOR = Haraldr
seggja ‘’
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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man
leggja ‘’
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leggr (noun m.; °-jar, dat. -; -ir): limb
seggir ‘men’
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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man
[6] seggir: seggja FskBˣ, FskAˣ, 761aˣ, leggja Flat
æfðr ‘’
gall ‘resounded’
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gjalla (verb): to scream, shriek; to repay, return, pay for
hér ‘’
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hér (adv.): here
hjǫrr ‘sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
[7] hjǫrr: so F, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, Flat, 761aˣ, hér Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ
við ‘against’
(not checked:)
2. við (prep.): with, against
lifðir ‘’
(not checked:)
lifa (verb): live
hlífar ‘shields’
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
[7] hlífar: lifðir FskAˣ, hlífar corrected from hlífir 761aˣ
nigri ‘’
hingu ‘’
fór ‘’
vanir ‘less’
(not checked:)
2. vanr (adj.): lacking < fjǫrvanr (adj.)2. vanr (adj.): lacking
sigri ‘victory’
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sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory
[8] sigri: sigri corrected from seggir FskAˣ
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
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Háði gramr, þars gnúðu, |
The king fought a storm of spears [BATTLE] against men where mail-shirt-goslings [ARROWS] roared in the din of Skǫgul <valkyrie> [BATTLE]; the red wound spurted blood as men sank down lifeless before the ruler on the forecastle; the furious sword resounded against shields; the blade-stainer [WARRIOR = Haraldr] gained victory.
Fsk cites this stanza in connection with the battle of Hafrsfjǫrðr (Hafrsfjorden; see Context to st. 3). In Hkr, it follows a narrative about a further sea-battle near Sólskel (Solskjel), against a force led by the kinsmen Arnviðr and Sǫlvi and their ally King Auðbjǫrn. Arnviðr and Auðbjǫrn fall, and Sǫlvi flees. In SnE, the first helmingr is among citations illustrating terms for ‘battle’.
Several commentators note this stanza’s artfully convoluted sentence structure. It is composed of a main clause in the first helmingr and a subordinate clause in the second, each of which contains an intercalary clause located in the third line of the helmingr (ll. 3 and 7 respectively). Further, each helmingr contains an additional syntactic unit: another subordinate clause in ll. 1 and 4, and a separate main clause in ll. 6 and 8 (Engster 1983, 189-90; Kuhn 1969b, 68). Reichardt (1928, 226) sees in this the poet’s attempt to convey the turmoil of battle, and Holtsmark (1927, 34-5) perceives a representation of the battle in the rhythm of the short sentences. These trace the battle’s development from engagement to victory, with sigri ‘victory’ as the last word of the stanza.
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