Þhorn Gldr 3I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Glymdrápa 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 81.
hrjóð ‘’
rjóðr ‘’
(not checked:)
1. rjóðr (noun m.): reddener
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
lét ‘had’
(not checked:)
láta (verb): let, have sth done
hæ(tz)rar ‘’
hæstrar ‘at the best’
(not checked:)
3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high
[1] hæstrar: ‘hæ(tz)rar’(?) R
notes
[1] hæstrar tíðar ‘at the best time’: Hæstr, sup. of hôr ‘high, excellent’ (LP: hôr 4).
ti[...] ‘’
harð ‘The hard’
(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh < harðráðr (adj.): hard-ruling
[2] harðráðr: ‘ha(r)þ(ráþr)’(?) U
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1] hæstrar tíðar ‘at the best time’: Hæstr, sup. of hôr ‘high, excellent’ (LP: hôr 4). — [1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
harð ‘The hard’
(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh < harðráðr (adj.): hard-ruling
[2] harðráðr: ‘ha(r)þ(ráþr)’(?) U
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1] hæstrar tíðar ‘at the best time’: Hæstr, sup. of hôr ‘high, excellent’ (LP: hôr 4). — [1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
ráðr ‘ruling’
(not checked:)
-ráðr (adj.): -ful < harðráðr (adj.): hard-ruling
[2] harðráðr: ‘ha(r)þ(ráþr)’(?) U
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
skipa ‘ships’’
(not checked:)
skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship
báðum ‘’
(not checked:)
báðir (pron.; °gen. beggja (báðra), nom./acc. n. bǽði): both
bǫrðum ‘prows’
(not checked:)
barð (noun n.): prow, stern (of a ship)
[2] bǫrðum: báðum FskAˣ, 761aˣ(19v)
bôru ‘of the wave’
(not checked:)
1. bára (noun f.; °-u; -ur): wave
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
bôru ‘of the wave’
(not checked:)
1. bára (noun f.; °-u; -ur): wave
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
flaks ‘’
raks ‘’
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
ins ‘of the’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
ins ‘of the’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408.
bleika ‘pale’
(not checked:)
2. bleikr (adj.): pale
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [3] bleika ‘pale’: This adj. might be a reference to the ships being painted white (LP: bleikr); see Falk (1912, 51).
bleika ‘pale’
(not checked:)
2. bleikr (adj.): pale
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [3] bleika ‘pale’: This adj. might be a reference to the ships being painted white (LP: bleikr); see Falk (1912, 51).
bleika ‘pale’
(not checked:)
2. bleikr (adj.): pale
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [3] bleika ‘pale’: This adj. might be a reference to the ships being painted white (LP: bleikr); see Falk (1912, 51).
bleika ‘pale’
(not checked:)
2. bleikr (adj.): pale
kennings
Harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru‘The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave, ’
= SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
the pale horse of the wave, → SHIP
The hard-ruling clearer of the SHIP → SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [3] bleika ‘pale’: This adj. might be a reference to the ships being painted white (LP: bleikr); see Falk (1912, 51).
barn ‘child’
(not checked:)
barn (noun n.; °-s; bǫrn/barn(JKr 345³), dat. bǫrnum/barnum): child < barnungr (adj.): child-young
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [4] barnungr ‘[when] child-young’: It is a topos of praise-poems and heroic poetry for kings and heroes to perform their great deeds at a young age, cf. Þhorn Harkv 4/7, 6/5 and LP: barnungr for further examples of the cpd; see also Marold (1993c, 105-6) and Marold (2003, 403).
barn ‘child’
(not checked:)
barn (noun n.; °-s; bǫrn/barn(JKr 345³), dat. bǫrnum/barnum): child < barnungr (adj.): child-young
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [4] barnungr ‘[when] child-young’: It is a topos of praise-poems and heroic poetry for kings and heroes to perform their great deeds at a young age, cf. Þhorn Harkv 4/7, 6/5 and LP: barnungr for further examples of the cpd; see also Marold (1993c, 105-6) and Marold (2003, 403).
ungr ‘young’
(not checked:)
ungr (adj.): young < barnungr (adj.): child-young
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [4] barnungr ‘[when] child-young’: It is a topos of praise-poems and heroic poetry for kings and heroes to perform their great deeds at a young age, cf. Þhorn Harkv 4/7, 6/5 and LP: barnungr for further examples of the cpd; see also Marold (1993c, 105-6) and Marold (2003, 403).
ungr ‘young’
(not checked:)
ungr (adj.): young < barnungr (adj.): child-young
notes
[1-4] harðráðr hrjóðr ins bleika fáks bôru ... barnungr ‘the hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr] ... [when] child-young’: The elements of the kenning and the two adjectives accompanying it are distributed across all four lines of the first helmingr, each at the beginning of a line. Mohr (1933, 13) calls this pattern Tiefstellung (lit. ‘deep-placement’); see also Reichardt (1928, 131) and NN §408. — [4] barnungr ‘[when] child-young’: It is a topos of praise-poems and heroic poetry for kings and heroes to perform their great deeds at a young age, cf. Þhorn Harkv 4/7, 6/5 and LP: barnungr for further examples of the cpd; see also Marold (1993c, 105-6) and Marold (2003, 403).
á ‘to’
(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at
þrungit ‘put out’
(not checked:)
þrøngva (verb): press, throng
þars ‘’
(not checked:)
þars (conj.): where
svát ‘so that’
(not checked:)
svát (conj.): so that, so as
banz ‘’
barsk ‘travelled’
(not checked:)
3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry
[5] barsk: ‘banz’ FskBˣ
notes
[5] barsk ‘travelled’: For this m. v. usage, see Fritzner: bera 1a.
at ‘on’
(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to
borði ‘board’
(not checked:)
borð (noun n.; °-s; -): side, plank, board; table
[5] borði: ‘borde’ corrected from ‘borðz’ Flat
kennings
borðhǫlkvi‘the plank-horse ’
= SHIP
the plank-horse → SHIP
notes
[6] borðhǫlkvi ‘the plank-horse [SHIP]’: Hǫlkvir is the name of the horse of the legendary hero Hǫgni; see Anon Kálfv 4/5III and Þul Hesta 3/1III.
hrokkvir ‘’
hꝍkvi ‘’
hrekvi ‘’
hǫlkvis ‘’
(not checked:)
Hǫlkvir (noun m.): [horse, steed] < borð (noun n.): side, plank, board; table
hǫlkvi ‘horse’
(not checked:)
hǫlkvir (noun m.): [horse, steed] < borðhǫlkvir (noun m.)
[6] ‑hǫlkvi: so FskBˣ, ‑hǫlkvis Kˣ, F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘‑hꝍkvi’ corrected from ‘‑hꝍvkvi’ FskAˣ, ‘hrockvir’ Flat, ‘‑hrekvi’ 761aˣ(20v)
kennings
borðhǫlkvi‘the plank-horse ’
= SHIP
the plank-horse → SHIP
notes
[6] borðhǫlkvi ‘the plank-horse [SHIP]’: Hǫlkvir is the name of the horse of the legendary hero Hǫgni; see Anon Kálfv 4/5III and Þul Hesta 3/1III.
rak ‘drove’
(not checked:)
2. reka (verb): drive, force
norðan ‘from the north’
(not checked:)
norðan (adv.): from the north
hlífðar ‘’
(not checked:)
hlífð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): shield
hlífar ‘of the shield’
(not checked:)
hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
[7] hlífar: hlífðar FskAˣ, 761aˣ(20v)
kennings
valdr hlífar‘the owner of the shield ’
= WARRIOR = Haraldr
the owner of the shield → WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[7] valdr hlífar ‘the owner of the shield’: Valdr literally means ‘ruler’, but here it must mean ‘owner’.
valdr ‘the owner’
(not checked:)
valdr (noun m.): ruler
kennings
valdr hlífar‘the owner of the shield ’
= WARRIOR = Haraldr
the owner of the shield → WARRIOR = Haraldr
notes
[7] valdr hlífar ‘the owner of the shield’: Valdr literally means ‘ruler’, but here it must mean ‘owner’.
fyrir ‘’
(not checked:)
fyrir (prep.): for, before, because of
hildar ‘battle’
(not checked:)
1. hildr (noun f.): battle
hreggs ‘’
(not checked:)
hregg (noun n.): storm
dǫglinga ‘rulers’
(not checked:)
dǫglingr (noun m.; °; -ar): king, ruler
notes
[8] tveggja dǫglinga ‘against two rulers’: According to Hkr, the two rulers are Húnþjófr and Nǫkkvi, defeated at the battle of Sólskel (Solskjel). But Fsk associates the stanzas with the battle at Hafrsfjorðr (Hafrsfjorden) and names the two opponents as Kjǫtvi inn auðgi ‘the Wealthy’ and Haklangr.
tveggja ‘against two’
(not checked:)
tveir (num. cardinal): two
notes
[8] tveggja dǫglinga ‘against two rulers’: According to Hkr, the two rulers are Húnþjófr and Nǫkkvi, defeated at the battle of Sólskel (Solskjel). But Fsk associates the stanzas with the battle at Hafrsfjorðr (Hafrsfjorden) and names the two opponents as Kjǫtvi inn auðgi ‘the Wealthy’ and Haklangr.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
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Hrjóðr lét hæstrar tíðar |
The hard-ruling clearer of the pale horse of the wave [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR = Haraldr], [when] child-young, had ships’ prows put out to sea at the best time, so that the owner of the shield [WARRIOR = Haraldr] travelled on board there into battle against two rulers; the storm drove the plank-horse [SHIP] from the north.
The sources place this stanza in different contexts. Fsk associates sts 3-5 with the battle of Hafrsfjǫrðr (Hafrsfjorden), citing them in unbroken sequence after Þhorn Harkv 7-11. Hkr reports that Haraldr goes south to Mœrr (Møre) and defeats Húnþjófr, king of Norðmœrr (Nordmøre), and King Nǫkkvi, the ruler of Raumsdalr (Romsdalen), in a major battle near Sólskel (Solskjel). It then cites sts 3/5-8 and 4 as a single stanza. Flat (HarHárf) cites st. 3, followed by two stanzas comprising sts 9 and 5/1-4, and 5/5-8 and 4, in the context of a battle against three kings of Norðmœrr, which precedes the battle of Sólskel. SnE (Skm) provides the stanza’s first helmingr as an example of a ship-kenning.
The prose texts preserve the helmingar of sts 3-5 and 9 in various combinations (see Context above), and eds vary. The text given here, like that of Skald, follows the arrangement of the text as preserved in Fsk, since the stanza here begins with a main clause as all other stanzas in Gldr do, followed by a subordinate clause (cf. Fidjestøl 1982, 87), and since Hkr lacks st. 3/1-4. — [5-8]: The syntactic structure of this helmingr is problematic. (a) The construal here corresponds to that of most other eds. (b) Kock (NN §§232, 2212) simplifies the syntax by reading borðhǫlkvi rak norðan as ‘it drove the plank-horse [SHIP] from the north’, i.e. as a parenthesis containing an impersonal use of rak ‘drove’. But his reading also entails reading hildar hreggs ‘of the storm of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’, in which hreggs is the reading of F only, and clearly a scribal ‘improvement’. (c) Sveinbjörn Egilsson (Fms 12) and Reichardt (1928, 27-9) combine valdr hlífar ‘the owner of the shield [WARRIOR]’ as the subject of rak borðhǫlkvi ‘drove the plank-horse [SHIP]’. But barsk at borði cannot then be adequately accounted for (as Finnur Jónsson 1929b, 137 notes).
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