ÞKolb Eirdr 13^I

Enn ‘And’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

at ‘onto’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

eyrar ‘of the land-spit’

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eyrr (noun f.): land-spit

grunni ‘the shallows’

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1. grunnr (noun m.): bottom, shallows

end ‘’

endr ‘again’

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endr (adv.): formerly, once, again

[2] endr: end 20dˣ

Skjǫldungr ‘Skjǫldungr’

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Skjǫldungr (noun m.): Skjǫldungr

[2] Skjǫldungr of: skjǫldungum all

notes

[2] Skjǫldungr of renndi ‘Skjǫldungr ... ran’: Line 2 is problematic, and no ideal solution presents itself. (a) Skjǫldungr of is emended from ms. skjǫldungum (as also in Skj B; Skald; ÍF 35) in order to provide the antecedant that rel. sás ‘who’ requires. It is likely that in the process of transmission, an expletive particle um (earlier of) has been reanalysed as the dat. pl. ending of the preceding word, and final -r has been lost, giving Skjǫldungum. Skjǫldungr is a general ruler-heiti, but here and in Ótt Knútdr 10/1 may allude to Knútr’s royal Danish ancestry, and to a tradition of Danish rule in England (Frank 1994b, 110-13). Skjǫldungr is taken in apposition to Knútr (l. 4). As well as being an emendation, skjǫldungr has the drawback that it produces a metrically irregular line, whereas skjǫldungum produces a standard Type D2-line with a single word (simplex or cpd) occupying positions 1-4 (cf. Gade 1995a, 113-14). (b) To retain ms. skjǫldungum would therefore be preferable, yet it has no clear function in the helmingr. Renndi skjǫldungum ‘made princes flee’ would be possible in itself (cf. a similar statement in HSt Rst 20/5-6), but it would conflict with the stanza’s focus on a meeting of two allies; the identity of the skjǫldungar would be unclear; and renndi ‘ran, impelled’ already has a dat. object in langskipum ‘longships’. (c) Skj B’s sá skjǫldungr, es kníði ... ‘that prince who pounded ...’ entails syntactic problems (on which see NN §583; cf. §1853A) as well as the problems noted for interpretation (a).

of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

[2] Skjǫldungr of: skjǫldungum all

notes

[2] Skjǫldungr of renndi ‘Skjǫldungr ... ran’: Line 2 is problematic, and no ideal solution presents itself. (a) Skjǫldungr of is emended from ms. skjǫldungum (as also in Skj B; Skald; ÍF 35) in order to provide the antecedant that rel. sás ‘who’ requires. It is likely that in the process of transmission, an expletive particle um (earlier of) has been reanalysed as the dat. pl. ending of the preceding word, and final -r has been lost, giving Skjǫldungum. Skjǫldungr is a general ruler-heiti, but here and in Ótt Knútdr 10/1 may allude to Knútr’s royal Danish ancestry, and to a tradition of Danish rule in England (Frank 1994b, 110-13). Skjǫldungr is taken in apposition to Knútr (l. 4). As well as being an emendation, skjǫldungr has the drawback that it produces a metrically irregular line, whereas skjǫldungum produces a standard Type D2-line with a single word (simplex or cpd) occupying positions 1-4 (cf. Gade 1995a, 113-14). (b) To retain ms. skjǫldungum would therefore be preferable, yet it has no clear function in the helmingr. Renndi skjǫldungum ‘made princes flee’ would be possible in itself (cf. a similar statement in HSt Rst 20/5-6), but it would conflict with the stanza’s focus on a meeting of two allies; the identity of the skjǫldungar would be unclear; and renndi ‘ran, impelled’ already has a dat. object in langskipum ‘longships’. (c) Skj B’s sá skjǫldungr, es kníði ... ‘that prince who pounded ...’ entails syntactic problems (on which see NN §583; cf. §1853A) as well as the problems noted for interpretation (a).

renndi ‘ran’

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3. renna (verb): let run (weak)

notes

[2] Skjǫldungr of renndi ‘Skjǫldungr ... ran’: Line 2 is problematic, and no ideal solution presents itself. (a) Skjǫldungr of is emended from ms. skjǫldungum (as also in Skj B; Skald; ÍF 35) in order to provide the antecedant that rel. sás ‘who’ requires. It is likely that in the process of transmission, an expletive particle um (earlier of) has been reanalysed as the dat. pl. ending of the preceding word, and final -r has been lost, giving Skjǫldungum. Skjǫldungr is a general ruler-heiti, but here and in Ótt Knútdr 10/1 may allude to Knútr’s royal Danish ancestry, and to a tradition of Danish rule in England (Frank 1994b, 110-13). Skjǫldungr is taken in apposition to Knútr (l. 4). As well as being an emendation, skjǫldungr has the drawback that it produces a metrically irregular line, whereas skjǫldungum produces a standard Type D2-line with a single word (simplex or cpd) occupying positions 1-4 (cf. Gade 1995a, 113-14). (b) To retain ms. skjǫldungum would therefore be preferable, yet it has no clear function in the helmingr. Renndi skjǫldungum ‘made princes flee’ would be possible in itself (cf. a similar statement in HSt Rst 20/5-6), but it would conflict with the stanza’s focus on a meeting of two allies; the identity of the skjǫldungar would be unclear; and renndi ‘ran, impelled’ already has a dat. object in langskipum ‘longships’. (c) Skj B’s sá skjǫldungr, es kníði ... ‘that prince who pounded ...’ entails syntactic problems (on which see NN §583; cf. §1853A) as well as the problems noted for interpretation (a).

sás ‘who’

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sás (conj.): the one who

kjǫl ‘the keel’

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kjǫlr (noun m.; °kjalar, dat. kili; kjǫlir): keel, ship < kjǫlslóð (noun f.)

kennings

slóðir ‘paths’

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slóð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path, track < kjǫlslóð (noun f.)

kennings

kníði ‘pounded’

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knýja (verb): press forward, urge, drive

Knútr ‘Knútr’

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Knútr (noun m.): Knútr

lang ‘long’

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langr (adj.; °compar. lengri, superl. lengstr): long < langskip (noun n.): longship

skipum ‘ships’

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skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship < langskip (noun n.): longship

útan ‘ashore’

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útan (prep.): outside, without

Varð ‘proved’

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1. verða (verb): become, be

þars ‘when’

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þars (conj.): where

vildu ‘wished’

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vilja (verb): want, intend

fyrðar ‘men’

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2. fyrðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -): man

notes

[5-6] fyrðar … varrláð ‘men … oarstroke-land [SEA]’: (a) The ms. readings are retained here, as in ÍF 35. Fyrðar is taken with báðir, hence ‘both men’, referring to Eiríkr (the jarl) and Knútr (the hilmir ‘prince’), although fyrðar is normally used of a larger, unspecified group. Koma varrláð ‘come [across] the oarstroke-land [SEA]’ is also acceptable since the acc. object of a verb of motion may be the site of that motion (NN §584; ÍF 35, and cf. NS §96b). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: varrláð; see also Meissner 218) emends to dýrum varrláðs ‘animals of the oarstroke-land [SEA > SHIPS]’ and translates the resulting sentence, hvor det var bægges hensigt at lande med deres skibe ‘where it was the intention of both to land with their ships’.

varr ‘the oarstroke’

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1. varr (noun m.): wake < varrláð (noun n.)

kennings

notes

[5-6] fyrðar … varrláð ‘men … oarstroke-land [SEA]’: (a) The ms. readings are retained here, as in ÍF 35. Fyrðar is taken with báðir, hence ‘both men’, referring to Eiríkr (the jarl) and Knútr (the hilmir ‘prince’), although fyrðar is normally used of a larger, unspecified group. Koma varrláð ‘come [across] the oarstroke-land [SEA]’ is also acceptable since the acc. object of a verb of motion may be the site of that motion (NN §584; ÍF 35, and cf. NS §96b). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: varrláð; see also Meissner 218) emends to dýrum varrláðs ‘animals of the oarstroke-land [SEA > SHIPS]’ and translates the resulting sentence, hvor det var bægges hensigt at lande med deres skibe ‘where it was the intention of both to land with their ships’.

láð ‘land’

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2. láð (noun n.): earth, land < varrláð (noun n.)

kennings

notes

[5-6] fyrðar … varrláð ‘men … oarstroke-land [SEA]’: (a) The ms. readings are retained here, as in ÍF 35. Fyrðar is taken with báðir, hence ‘both men’, referring to Eiríkr (the jarl) and Knútr (the hilmir ‘prince’), although fyrðar is normally used of a larger, unspecified group. Koma varrláð ‘come [across] the oarstroke-land [SEA]’ is also acceptable since the acc. object of a verb of motion may be the site of that motion (NN §584; ÍF 35, and cf. NS §96b). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: varrláð; see also Meissner 218) emends to dýrum varrláðs ‘animals of the oarstroke-land [SEA > SHIPS]’ and translates the resulting sentence, hvor det var bægges hensigt at lande med deres skibe ‘where it was the intention of both to land with their ships’.

koma ‘to cross’

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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

báðir ‘both’

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báðir (pron.; °gen. beggja (báðra), nom./acc. n. bǽði): both

hjalmað ‘’

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hjalmaðr (adj./verb p.p.): helmeted

hjalmaðs ‘of the helmeted’

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hjalmaðr (adj./verb p.p.): helmeted

[7] hjalmaðs: hjalmað 20dˣ

jarls ‘jarl’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

hilmir ‘’

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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector

hilmis ‘the prince’

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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector

[7] hilmis: so with ‘hilmir in membr’ in footnote JÓ, hilmir 20dˣ, 873ˣ, 41ˣ

notes

[7] hilmis ‘the prince’: The nom. sg. reading hilmir does not make sense as subject here, and a further gen. is clearly required by fundr hjalmaðs jarls ok ‘the meeting of the helmeted jarl and’. Hilmir is therefore emended in JÓ and all subsequent eds.

hœgr ‘propitious’

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1. hœgr (adj.; °acc. -an/-jan; comp. hǿgri, superl. hǿgstr/hǿgastr): convenient, calm, pleasant

fundr ‘The meeting’

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fundr (noun m.): discovery, meeting

á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

því ‘that’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

dœgri ‘day’

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dœgr (noun n.; °-s; -): day and night; 24h period