Sturla Þórðarson, Hrafnsmál 3

Kari Ellen Gade

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Sturl Hrafn 3^II

Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sturla Þórðarson, Hrafnsmál 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 729-30.

Sturla Þórðarson Hrafnsmál

2 3 4

Glumði ‘resounded’

(not checked:)
glymja (verb): resound

notes

[1] glumði ‘resounded’: Most likely to refer to weather-vanes and other ornaments moving in the wind. For weather-vanes, see Note to Ív Sig 16/1.

á ‘on’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

gjálfr ‘the surge’

(not checked:)
gjalfr (noun n.; °-s): surge, waves < gjalfrtamiðr (adj.)

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

notes

[1] gjálfrtömðum ‘surge-tamed’: Hap. leg.

tömðum ‘tamed’

(not checked:)
tamiðr (adj./verb p.p.): accustomed, tamed < gjalfrtamiðr (adj.)

[1] ‑tömðum: ‘tonnum’ Flat

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

notes

[1] gjálfrtömðum ‘surge-tamed’: Hap. leg.

Gestils ‘of Gestill’s’

(not checked:)
Gestill (noun m.): Gestill

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

Gestils ‘of Gestill’s’

(not checked:)
Gestill (noun m.): Gestill

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

skeið ‘track’

(not checked:)
2. skeið (noun n.; °; -): race, course < skeiðhestr (noun m.)

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

skeið ‘track’

(not checked:)
2. skeið (noun n.; °; -): race, course < skeiðhestr (noun m.)

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

hestum ‘horses’

(not checked:)
hestr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): horse, stallion < skeiðhestr (noun m.)

kennings

gjálfrtömðum Gestils skeiðhestum
‘track-horses of Gestill’
= SHIPS
Gestill’s track → SEA
the surge-tamed horses of the SEA → SHIPS

eldr ‘The fire’

(not checked:)
eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire

kennings

Eldr ægis
‘The fire of the ocean ’
= GOLD
The fire of the ocean → GOLD

notes

[3, 4] eldr ægis ‘the fire of the ocean [GOLD]’: Ægir ‘ocean’ could also be taken as the personified Ægir, god of the sea, whose fire was ‘gold’ (see Note to Gísl Magnkv 16/8).

kennings

Eldr ægis
‘The fire of the ocean ’
= GOLD
The fire of the ocean → GOLD

notes

[3, 4] eldr ægis ‘the fire of the ocean [GOLD]’: Ægir ‘ocean’ could also be taken as the personified Ægir, god of the sea, whose fire was ‘gold’ (see Note to Gísl Magnkv 16/8).

nafnfrægjum ‘the renowned’

(not checked:)
nafnfrægr (adj.): [renowned]

Skein ‘shone’

(not checked:)
skína (verb): shine

af ‘from’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

skautvænum ‘the sail-fair’

(not checked:)
skautvænn (adj.): [sail-fair]

notes

[5] skautvænum ‘sail-fair’: Hap. leg. See also st. 15/6 below.

skeiðum ‘warships’

(not checked:)
1. skeið (noun f.; °-ar; -r/-ar/-ir): ship

brim ‘of the surf’

(not checked:)
brim (noun n.): surf < brimreið (noun f.)

[6] brim‑: so Flat, bryn‑ F

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

notes

[6-7] sól brimreiðar ‘the sun of the surf-chariot [SHIP > SHIELD]’: For comparable kennings for ‘ship’ and ‘shield’, see Meissner 168, 221. Skj B and Skald emend to sól brimleiðar ‘the sun of the surf-road’ where ‘surf-road’ is ‘sea’ and its sun is ‘gold’. Brynreiðar ‘of the byrnie-chariot’ (so F) makes no sense in the context.

brim ‘of the surf’

(not checked:)
brim (noun n.): surf < brimreið (noun f.)

[6] brim‑: so Flat, bryn‑ F

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

notes

reiðar ‘chariot’

(not checked:)
1. reið (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar): riding; chariot < brimreið (noun f.)

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

notes

reiðar ‘chariot’

(not checked:)
1. reið (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar): riding; chariot < brimreið (noun f.)

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

notes

sól ‘sun’

(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

notes

of ‘around’

(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[7] of (‘um’): so Flat, af F

sig ‘battle’

(not checked:)
1. sig (noun n.): [battle] < sigdeilir (noun m.): battle-distributor

kennings

snotrum sigdeili.
‘the wise battle-distributor.’
= WARRIOR
the wise battle-distributor. → WARRIOR

deili ‘distributor’

(not checked:)
deilir (noun m.): ruler, ordainer < sigdeilir (noun m.): battle-distributor

kennings

snotrum sigdeili.
‘the wise battle-distributor.’
= WARRIOR
the wise battle-distributor. → WARRIOR

snotrum ‘the wise’

(not checked:)
snotr (adj.): wise

[8] snotrum: snotran Flat

kennings

snotrum sigdeili.
‘the wise battle-distributor.’
= WARRIOR
the wise battle-distributor. → WARRIOR

notes

[8] snotrum (m. dat. sg.) ‘wise’: So F. Skj B and Skald adopt the Flat variant snotran (m. acc. sg.), which is unnecessary (of in the meaning ‘around’ can take both dat. and acc.).

óþrotlig ‘The unceasing’

(not checked:)
óþrotligr (adj.): unceasing, indefatigable

kennings

Óþrotlig sól brimreiðar
‘The unceasing sun of the surf-chariot ’
= SHIELD
the surf-chariot → SHIP
The unceasing sun of the SHIP → SHIELD

Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

verse
prose

As st. 2 above.

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Sturl Hrafn 3II

Glumði ‘resounded’

notes

á ‘on’

gjálfr ‘the surge’

kennings

notes

tömðum ‘tamed’

kennings

notes

Gestils ‘of Gestill’s’

kennings

Gestils ‘of Gestill’s’

kennings

skeið ‘track’

kennings

skeið ‘track’

kennings

hestum ‘horses’

kennings

eldr ‘The fire’

kennings

notes

of ‘above’

allvaldi ‘mighty ruler’

ægis ‘of the ocean’

kennings

notes

nafnfrægjum ‘the renowned’

Skein ‘shone’

af ‘from’

skautvænum ‘the sail-fair’

notes

skeiðum ‘warships’

brim ‘of the surf’

kennings

notes

brim ‘of the surf’

kennings

notes

reiðar ‘chariot’

kennings

notes

reiðar ‘chariot’

kennings

notes

sól ‘sun’

kennings

notes

of ‘around’

sig ‘battle’

kennings

deili ‘distributor’

kennings

snotrum ‘the wise’

kennings

notes

óþrotlig ‘The unceasing’

kennings

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Sturl Hrafn 3^II