SnSt Ht 4III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1108.
Stinn ‘Severe’
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stinnr (adj.): stiff, firm
sár ‘wounds’
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2. sár (noun n.; °-s; -): wound
þróask ‘increase’
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þróa (verb): increase, flourish, grow
stórum ‘greatly’
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stórr (adj.): large, great
sterk ‘the strong’
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sterkr (adj.): strong
egg ‘edge’
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1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade
frǫmum ‘for outstanding’
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framr (adj.; °compar. framari/fremri, superl. framastr/fremstr): outstanding, foremost
seggjum ‘men’
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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man
hvast ‘sharply’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp
skerr ‘cuts’
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skera (verb): cut
hlífar ‘shields’
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
traustar ‘firm’
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traustr (adj.): trusty
hár ‘the sublime’
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3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high
[4] hár gramr lifir framla: óðs drengr gǫfugr þengill U
gramr ‘lord’
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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
[4] hár gramr lifir framla: óðs drengr gǫfugr þengill U
lifir ‘lives’
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lifa (verb): live
[4] hár gramr lifir framla: óðs drengr gǫfugr þengill U
framla ‘splendidly’
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framla (adv.): excellently
[4] hár gramr lifir framla: óðs drengr gǫfugr þengill U
Hrein ‘polished’
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2. hreinn (adj.; °compar. hreinari/hreinni, superl. hreinastr/hreinstr): pure
sverð ‘swords’
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
litar ‘colours’
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1. lita (verb): colour, stain
harða ‘powerfully’
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harða (adv.): very
hverr ‘Each’
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2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every
drengr ‘warrior’
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drengr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ir, gen. -ja): man, warrior
gǫfugr ‘the glorious’
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gǫfugr (adj.; °gǫfgan/gǫfugan; compar. gǫfgari/gǫfugri, superl. gǫfgastr/gǫfugstr/gǫfugastr): noble, glorious
þengill ‘ruler’
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þengill (noun m.): prince, ruler
ítr ‘the precious’
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ítr (adj.): glorious
rǫnd ‘shield-rim’
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rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim
[7] rǫnd: mun U
furask ‘furrowed’
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2. fura (verb): [furrowed]
notes
[7] furask ‘is … furrowed’: Hap. leg. The quantity of the first vowel is ensured by the metre. Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) derives this weak verb (*forask) from the f. noun for ‘furrow’ (see AEW: for 1. for cognates). See also SnE 1848-87, III, 112.
undrum ‘wonderfully’
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2. undr (noun n.; °-s; -): wonder, marvel
unir ‘enjoys’
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1. unna (verb): love
bjartr ‘cheerful’
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bjartr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bright
[8] bjartr: so Tˣ, U, bjart R
notes
[8] bjartr ‘cheerful’: Kock (Skald; NN §2174) opts for the R variant bjart here, which he takes as an adv. modifying unir ‘enjoys’ (l. 8), his reason being that each noun in this stanza is qualified by an adj. and each verb modified by an adv. However, bjart is not attested as an adv., and the prose commentary paraphrases the clause as follows (SnE 2007, 6): konungrinn unði glaðr frœknu hjarta ‘the king enjoyed, cheerful, a bold heart’ (see also SnE 2007, 48).
snǫru ‘a bold’
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snarr (adj.): gallant, bold
hjarta ‘heart’
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hjarta (noun n.; °-; *-u): heart
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
The stanza illustrates sannkent, that is, the use of ‘affirmatory or intensive attributives or adverbs’ (see SnE 2007, 143: sannkenna).
The headings are given as follows: iiij. sannkenningar ‘four, true descriptions’ (Tˣ), sannkent ‘true description’ (U(47r)). — As Faulkes points out (SnE 2007, 143: sannkenning), the word kenning is not used to refer to metaphor here, but rather ‘in the formal sense of the use of a description or compound containing two elements, whether metaphorical or not’. — The intensifying adjectives and adverbs are stinn ‘severe’, stórum ‘greatly’ (l. 1), sterk ‘strong’, frǫmum ‘outstanding’ (l. 2), hvast ‘sharply’, traustar ‘firm’ (l. 3), hár ‘sublime’, framla ‘splendidly’ (l. 4), hrein ‘polished’, harða ‘powerfully’ (l. 5), hverr ‘each’, gǫfugr ‘glorious’ (l. 6), ítr ‘precious’, undrum ‘wonderfully’ (l. 7), bjartr ‘cheerful’ and snǫru ‘bold’ (l. 8).
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