SnSt Ht 32III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 32’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1138.
Él ‘The storm’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
þreifsk ‘grew’
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þreifa (verb): feel with hand
notes
[1] skarpt ‘vigorously’: This could also be an adj. qualifying él ‘storm’ (skarpt él ‘vigourous storm’).
of ‘around’
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3. of (prep.): around, from; too
Skúla ‘Skúli’
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Skúli (noun m.; °-a): Skúli
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
snar ‘of the biting ’
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snarr (adj.): gallant, bold < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
snar ‘of the biting ’
(not checked:)
snarr (adj.): gallant, bold < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
snar ‘of the biting ’
(not checked:)
snarr (adj.): gallant, bold < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
vinda ‘winds’
(not checked:)
1. vindr (noun m.; °-s/-ar; -ar): wind < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
vinda ‘winds’
(not checked:)
1. vindr (noun m.; °-s/-ar; -ar): wind < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
vinda ‘winds’
(not checked:)
1. vindr (noun m.; °-s/-ar; -ar): wind < snarvindr (noun m.): [biting winds]
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
lindar ‘of the linden-spear’
(not checked:)
1. lind (noun f.): linden-shield, linden tree
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
notes
[2] lindar ‘of the linden-spear’: Lit. ‘of the linden’. See Note to st. 9/2 above.
lindar ‘of the linden-spear’
(not checked:)
1. lind (noun f.): linden-shield, linden tree
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
notes
[2] lindar ‘of the linden-spear’: Lit. ‘of the linden’. See Note to st. 9/2 above.
lindar ‘of the linden-spear’
(not checked:)
1. lind (noun f.): linden-shield, linden tree
kennings
Él skýs snarvinda lindar‘The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear ’
= BATTLE
the biting winds of the linden-spear → BATTLE
the cloud of the BATTLE → SHIELD
The storm of the SHIELD → BATTLE
notes
[2] lindar ‘of the linden-spear’: Lit. ‘of the linden’. See Note to st. 9/2 above.
varð ‘became’
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1. verða (verb): become, be
hvǫss ‘the sharp’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp
í ‘during’
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í (prep.): in, into
hǫggum ‘the blows’
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hǫgg (noun n.; °-s, dat. hǫggvi/hǫggi; -): blow
hræs ‘of carrion’
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hræ (noun n.; °; -): corpse, carrion
[4] hræs: so all others, hræss R
kennings
dynbrunnum hræs‘with rushing fountains of carrion ’
= BLOOD
with rushing fountains of carrion → BLOOD
dyn ‘with rushing’
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dynr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): din < dynbrunnr (noun m.)
[4] dyn‑: dun‑ Tˣ
kennings
dynbrunnum hræs‘with rushing fountains of carrion ’
= BLOOD
with rushing fountains of carrion → BLOOD
brunnum ‘fountains’
(not checked:)
brunnr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): spring, well < dynbrunnr (noun m.)
[4] ‑brunnum: so all others, ‘‑bronnvm’ R
kennings
dynbrunnum hræs‘with rushing fountains of carrion ’
= BLOOD
with rushing fountains of carrion → BLOOD
Seim ‘gold’
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2. seimr (noun m.; °dat. -i): gold < seimþreytir (noun m.)
[5] Seim‑: so all others, sveim‑ R
kennings
Snjallr seimþreytir‘The brave gold-destroyer ’
= GENEROUS MAN
The brave gold-destroyer → GENEROUS MAN
notes
[5] seimþreytir ‘gold-destroyer [GENEROUS MAN]’: If the R variant is retained, sveimþreytir could be construed as ‘turmoil-labourer’ i.e. ‘warrior’ (preferred by Konráð Gíslason 1895-7 and SnE 2007), but that is unlikely in view of the reading of the majority of the mss. Þreytir is an agent noun from the weak verb þreyta ‘complete, exhaust, contend, compete, try’.
þreytir ‘destroyer’
(not checked:)
þreytir (noun m.): destroyer, wager, tester < seimþreytir (noun m.)
kennings
Snjallr seimþreytir‘The brave gold-destroyer ’
= GENEROUS MAN
The brave gold-destroyer → GENEROUS MAN
notes
[5] seimþreytir ‘gold-destroyer [GENEROUS MAN]’: If the R variant is retained, sveimþreytir could be construed as ‘turmoil-labourer’ i.e. ‘warrior’ (preferred by Konráð Gíslason 1895-7 and SnE 2007), but that is unlikely in view of the reading of the majority of the mss. Þreytir is an agent noun from the weak verb þreyta ‘complete, exhaust, contend, compete, try’.
bjó ‘adorned’
[5] bjó: hjó Tˣ
notes
[5] bjó ‘adorned’: The Tˣ variant hjó ‘struck, hew’ is difficult to accommodate syntactically. In R, bjó has been altered to hjó (R*).
sveita ‘with blood’
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sveiti (noun m.; °-a): blood
snjallr ‘The brave’
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snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold
kennings
Snjallr seimþreytir‘The brave gold-destroyer ’
= GENEROUS MAN
The brave gold-destroyer → GENEROUS MAN
il ‘the foot-sole’
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il (noun f.; °; -jar): footsole < ilstafn (noun m.)
kennings
ilstafna‘the foot-sole prows ’
= CLAWS
the foot-sole prows → CLAWS
stafna ‘prows’
(not checked:)
stafn (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): prow < ilstafn (noun m.)
[6] ‑stafna: ‑stafni W
kennings
ilstafna‘the foot-sole prows ’
= CLAWS
the foot-sole prows → CLAWS
hrafni ‘of the raven’
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hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven
notes
[7] Páll: Páll dróttseti ‘Steward’ was a retainer of King Ingi Bárðarson (r. 1204-17), Skúli’s half-brother. Páll was killed by Skúli and Jón Austrátt ‘from Austrått’ in Trondheim in 1213, but no battle is mentioned in connection with his death (see Bǫgl 1988, II, 126).
varð ‘had to’
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1. verða (verb): become, be
und ‘beneath’
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3. und (prep.): under, underneath
notes
[7] fet ‘the footsteps’: The Tˣ, W variant fit ‘foot, limb’ is equally possible, but fót ‘foot’ (U) is unmetrical (the metre requires a short syllable in position 4).
falla ‘fall’
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falla (verb): fall
framm ‘forwards’
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fram (adv.): out, forth, forwards, away
þrábarni ‘of the beloved child’
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þrábarn (noun n.): [beloved child]
kennings
þrábarni arnar.‘of the beloved child of the eagle. ’
= EAGLE
the beloved child of the eagle. → EAGLE
notes
[8] þrábarni (n. dat. sg.) ‘of the beloved child’: Possessive dat. The first element in this cpd is either derived from the f. noun þrá ‘longing, yearning’ or from the n. noun þrá ‘obstinacy’. If the latter meaning is chosen, the cpd could be understood as ‘the obstinate child’ (see þrátt ‘obstinately’, st. 33/3 below).
arnar ‘of the eagle’
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1. ǫrn (noun m.; °arnar, dat. erni; ernir, acc. ǫrnu): eagle
kennings
þrábarni arnar.‘of the beloved child of the eagle. ’
= EAGLE
the beloved child of the eagle. → EAGLE
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Él þreifsk skarpt of Skúla |
The storm of the cloud of the biting winds of the linden-spear [BATTLE > SHIELD > BATTLE] grew vigorously around Skúli; the sharp blade became drenched with rushing fountains of carrion [BLOOD] during the blows. The brave gold-destroyer [GENEROUS MAN] adorned the foot-sole prows [CLAWS] of the raven with blood; Páll had to fall forwards beneath the footsteps of the beloved child of the eagle [EAGLE].
The dróttkvætt variant is riðhent ‘rocking-rhymed’, which is similar to bragarbót ‘poem’s improvement’ (see st. 31 above) except that the trisyllabic compounds are found in the even rather than in the odd lines.
The headings are 25 (Tˣ) and liðhendum ‘with helping rhymes’ (U(47R)). For this variant, see SnE 2007, 57-8 and Gade (1995a, 116, 259 nn. 6, 7). For liðhent, see sts 41 and 53 below. The name of the verse-form, riðhent ‘rocking-rhymed’, refers to the proximity of the internal rhymes (with only an unstressed, enclitic syllable between them).
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