Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 9’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 676.
[1] erumk olmr ‘rages at me’: Lit. ‘is furious to me’.
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[1] erumk: erumsk Holm4, 61, Tóm, er um Flat
[1] erumk olmr ‘rages at me’: Lit. ‘is furious to me’.
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1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
[1] harmr: ‘[…]’ Bb
[1] sás ‘that’: (a) This is a demonstrative pron. + rel. particle es, referring back to harmr ‘grief’. (b) Skj B, Skald and ÍF 27 take sás as a conj. introducing the following clause, and take hafði aflfátt together, hence ‘that he had little support’. However, although (e)s can in some cases be a conj. equivalent to at ‘that’ (LP: es 7), sá would then be taken with the previous clause, and since it is unstressed that is not possible.
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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
[1] sás hilmir (‘sa er hilmir’): ‘[…]’ Bb
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hafa (verb): have
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gull (noun n.): gold
[2, 4] meðalkafla, vafðan golli ‘the sword-grip, wound about with gold’: For an example of a late Viking Age sword with gold wire wound around its grip, see Graham-Campbell (1980, 70-1, 246). Vafðan golli is also found in st. 27/3, 4 and Þfisk Lv 1/6II.
[2, 4] meðalkafla, vafðan golli ‘the sword-grip, wound about with gold’: For an example of a late Viking Age sword with gold wire wound around its grip, see Graham-Campbell (1980, 70-1, 246). Vafðan golli is also found in st. 27/3, 4 and Þfisk Lv 1/6II.
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kreysa (verb): press against, clench
[3] kreisti: kærsti 61, ‘ræ[…]’ with ‘kre[…]’ above the line 325VII
[3] kreisti ‘clenched’: The form seems to be a slight licence, since the 3rd pers. sg. pret. indic. of kreista is normally kreistaði.
[3] sá: sá er 61, 325VII, Flat, Tóm
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austan (adv.): from the east
[3-4] aflfátt austan ‘with scant support from the east’: Aflfátt is only otherwise attested in the form aflafátt (see Fritzner: aflafár). It is taken here as an adverbial n. adj. (cf. verða e-m aflafátt ‘sby has little support’). As an alternative to the present construal, aflfátt austan could be taken with the rel. clause: sás hilmir hafði, aflfátt austan ‘that the ruler had with scant support from the east’. Either way the reference is to poor support from the east, i.e. from the Swedes: see Note to st. 8/5.
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aflfár (adj.): with scant support
[4] aflfátt: aflat J2ˣ, 61, Tóm, afl sitt 321ˣ
[3-4] aflfátt austan ‘with scant support from the east’: Aflfátt is only otherwise attested in the form aflafátt (see Fritzner: aflafár). It is taken here as an adverbial n. adj. (cf. verða e-m aflafátt ‘sby has little support’). As an alternative to the present construal, aflfátt austan could be taken with the rel. clause: sás hilmir hafði, aflfátt austan ‘that the ruler had with scant support from the east’. Either way the reference is to poor support from the east, i.e. from the Swedes: see Note to st. 8/5.
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meðal (prep.): between < meðalkafli (noun m.): sword-hilt
[2, 4] meðalkafla, vafðan golli ‘the sword-grip, wound about with gold’: For an example of a late Viking Age sword with gold wire wound around its grip, see Graham-Campbell (1980, 70-1, 246). Vafðan golli is also found in st. 27/3, 4 and Þfisk Lv 1/6II.
[2, 4] meðalkafla, vafðan golli ‘the sword-grip, wound about with gold’: For an example of a late Viking Age sword with gold wire wound around its grip, see Graham-Campbell (1980, 70-1, 246). Vafðan golli is also found in st. 27/3, 4 and Þfisk Lv 1/6II.
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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive
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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin
[5] þegnar ‘the subjects’: These are the landowners who should have been loyal to the king. For the suggestion that this term implies internal opposition in the late Viking Age, see Jesch (1993a, 167-9; Jesch 2001a, 225). In the prose sources, Óláfr’s opponents are normally called bœndr ‘farmers’ (cf. st. 11/4, with the earlier form búendr).
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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
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halfr (adj.): half
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fleiri (adj. comp.; °superl. flestr): more, most
[6] fleiri: fleiri vôru Tóm
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hvǫtuðr (noun m.): inciter
[7] hvǫtuð: hvata J2ˣ, 321ˣ, hvǫtuðr 61
[7] þat: þar 61
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2. hvergi (pron.): not, nowhere, neither
[8] hvôrungi: hvártveggi 61
[8] frýk hvôrungi ‘I fault neither side’: Jón Skaptason (1983) suggests that this is ‘for not showing prowess in battle’, and indeed the verb frýja ‘reproach, fault’ most frequently involves questioning of courage (cf. LP: frýja and see st. 17/4 below).
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2. frýja (verb): reproach, complain
[8] frýk (‘fry ec’): frá ek Holm2, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, Holm4, 325VII, frýju 61
[8] frýk hvôrungi ‘I fault neither side’: Jón Skaptason (1983) suggests that this is ‘for not showing prowess in battle’, and indeed the verb frýja ‘reproach, fault’ most frequently involves questioning of courage (cf. LP: frýja and see st. 17/4 below).
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
King Óláfr’s army and that of the farmers and magnates approach each other at Stiklastaðir (Stiklestad). Óláfr and his troop, awaiting the support of Dagr Hringsson (a kinsman of Óláfr, ÍF 27, 348-9) and his troop, finally catch sight of their approach. It is said that the opposing farmers’ army had ‘a hundred hundreds’ of men.
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