Sigv ErfÓl 4^I

Goll ‘gold’

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gull (noun n.): gold

buðu ‘offered’

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bjóða (verb; °býðr; bauð, buðu; boðinn (buð- Thom¹ 5²n.)): offer, order, invite

[1] buðu: ‘ludu’ 321ˣ

opt ‘often’

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opt (adv.): often

[1] opt: om. 325V

þeirs ‘Those who’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[1] þeirs (‘þeir er’): þeim er papp18ˣ, þeir 321ˣ, þar er Flat

ollu ‘carried out’

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valda (verb): cause

út ‘plundering’

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út (adv.): out(side) < úthlaup (noun n.): plundering expedition

[2] úthlaupum: út hlupum Tóm

hlaupum ‘expeditions’

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hlaup (noun n.; °-s; -): ?fast-flowing, raid < úthlaup (noun n.): plundering expedition

[2] úthlaupum: út hlupum Tóm

gram ‘prince’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

[2] gram: grams J2ˣ

kaupask ‘to buy themselves’

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kaupa (verb): buy

[2] kaupask: kaupa J2ˣ

rautt ‘red’

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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red

[3] rautt: rétt 61

en ‘but’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

ræsir ‘the ruler’

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ræsir (noun m.): ruler

neitti ‘refused’

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1. neita (verb): refuse

[3] neitti: so papp18ˣ, 321ˣ, 68, 325V, 325XI 2 g, neytti Kˣ, netti Holm2, nítti J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, Holm4, 325VII, Bb, Flat, ‘⸜n⸝atti’ 61, veitti Tóm

notes

[3] neitti ‘refused’: Neitti and nítti (as in several ÓH mss) are from neita and níta, both weak verbs meaning ‘to say no, refuse’, and both are metrically possible. However, the Kˣ variant neytti (from neyta ‘to use, enjoy’) and the other variants suggest an original neitti (as in papp18ˣ, an independent copy of K).

rík ‘the mighty’

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ríkr (adj.): mighty, powerful, rich < ríklundaðr (adj./verb p.p.): proud-minded

lunduðum ‘spirited’

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lundaðr (adj./verb p.p.): minded < ríklundaðr (adj./verb p.p.): proud-minded

[4] ‑lunduðum: ‑lynduðum Bb

undan ‘off’

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undan (adv.): away, away from

[4] undan: slíku 68

Skǫr ‘hair’

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skǫr (noun f.; °skarar; skarir): hair, planking

[5] Skǫr: skotit Bb

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

bað ‘ordered’

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biðja (verb; °biðr; bað, báðu; beðinn (beiþ- Martin¹ 573‡, bỏþ- HákEirsp 661‰, cf. ed. intr. xl)): ask for, order, pray

[5] bað: bauð papp18ˣ, J2ˣ, bar 68, lét 61, Bb, Flat, Tóm

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

hann ‘He’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

með ‘with’

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með (prep.): with

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

hjǫrvi ‘the sword’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

her ‘the people’s’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host < herland (noun n.)

[6] her‑: hér 325VII

notes

[6] herland ‘the people’s land’: This follows the suggestion of Kock (NN §1871) that this is a cpd equivalent to fólkland ‘the people’s land’. This is plausible, particularly in view of the fact that herr can mean ‘population, inhabitants of a country’ (LP: herr 2); and cf. Ótt Hfl 7/3, 4 varða þjóðlǫnd ‘defend the nation’s lands’. (b) ÍF 27, followed by Jón Skaptason (1983) and Hkr 1991, understands it as land, sem verður fyrir hernaði ‘land that is subject to raids’. However, there are no close parallels for such a construction among the large number of nominal compounds in her-. (c) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) treats this as two unconnected words, taking land as the object of verja and her (dat.) as the hostile army against which the land must be defended.

land ‘land’

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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land < herland (noun n.)

[6] ‑land: lǫndum 321ˣ, ‑lǫnd 73aˣ

notes

[6] herland ‘the people’s land’: This follows the suggestion of Kock (NN §1871) that this is a cpd equivalent to fólkland ‘the people’s land’. This is plausible, particularly in view of the fact that herr can mean ‘population, inhabitants of a country’ (LP: herr 2); and cf. Ótt Hfl 7/3, 4 varða þjóðlǫnd ‘defend the nation’s lands’. (b) ÍF 27, followed by Jón Skaptason (1983) and Hkr 1991, understands it as land, sem verður fyrir hernaði ‘land that is subject to raids’. However, there are no close parallels for such a construction among the large number of nominal compounds in her-. (c) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) treats this as two unconnected words, taking land as the object of verja and her (dat.) as the hostile army against which the land must be defended.

skal ‘how to’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

notes

[6] svá skal verja ‘that is how to defend’: Lit. ‘so must (one) defend’.

svá ‘that is’

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svá (adv.): so, thus

[6] svá: om. 321ˣ

notes

[6] svá skal verja ‘that is how to defend’: Lit. ‘so must (one) defend’.

verja ‘defend’

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3. verja (verb): defend

notes

[6] svá skal verja ‘that is how to defend’: Lit. ‘so must (one) defend’.

ráns ‘for their robbery’

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rán (noun n.; °-s; -): plunder, plundering

[7] ráns: rá ráns papp18ˣ, rán Holm2, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, Holm4, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, 325XI 2 g, raun 68, 61, rann Tóm

notes

[7, 8] biðu refsing ráns ‘suffered punishment for their robbery’: Kˣ is the sole ms. to have the reading ráns (gen. sg., though cf. rá ráns in papp18ˣ) but this must be correct as the majority reading rán (nom./acc. sg.) cannot be accounted for in the syntax. The verb refsa ‘punish’ normally takes an acc. object referring to the offence (e.g. SnSt Ht 66/7-8^II), but refsing ráns is similar to the use of a gen. object with verbs like gjalda ‘(re)pay’, hefna ‘avenge’ (NS §134).

biðu ‘suffered’

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2. biða (verb; °-að-): experience, suffer

[7] biðu: biðr Bb

notes

[7, 8] biðu refsing ráns ‘suffered punishment for their robbery’: Kˣ is the sole ms. to have the reading ráns (gen. sg., though cf. rá ráns in papp18ˣ) but this must be correct as the majority reading rán (nom./acc. sg.) cannot be accounted for in the syntax. The verb refsa ‘punish’ normally takes an acc. object referring to the offence (e.g. SnSt Ht 66/7-8^II), but refsing ráns is similar to the use of a gen. object with verbs like gjalda ‘(re)pay’, hefna ‘avenge’ (NS §134).

rekkar ‘the warriors’

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rekkr (noun m.; °; -ar): man, champion

[7] rekkar: réttrar 68, rekka 61, Bb, Tóm, rekka corrected from rekkar Flat

sýna ‘visible’

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sýnn (adj.): visible

[7] sýna: so Holm4, 325VII, sína Kˣ, papp18ˣ, sona Holm2, 325XI 2 g, reiðir J2ˣ, þínir 321ˣ, 73aˣ, sýnar 68, trjónur 61, Flat, Tóm, sóna 325V, ‘trino’ Bb

notes

[7] sýna ‘visible’: Although found only in Holm4 and 325VII, this reading is clearly the most plausible. It is partially supported by some of the other (curiously diverse) ms. readings and is adopted by previous eds.

refsing ‘punishment’

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refsing (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): [punishment]

notes

[7, 8] biðu refsing ráns ‘suffered punishment for their robbery’: Kˣ is the sole ms. to have the reading ráns (gen. sg., though cf. rá ráns in papp18ˣ) but this must be correct as the majority reading rán (nom./acc. sg.) cannot be accounted for in the syntax. The verb refsa ‘punish’ normally takes an acc. object referring to the offence (e.g. SnSt Ht 66/7-8^II), but refsing ráns is similar to the use of a gen. object with verbs like gjalda ‘(re)pay’, hefna ‘avenge’ (NS §134).

firum ‘men’s’

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firar (noun m.): men

[8] firum: konungr 61, Bb, Flat, Tóm

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.

efsa ‘to be cut’

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efsa (verb): [to be cut]

[8] efsa: ofsa Holm2, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, ‘hnefsa’ 61, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, efla 325V

notes

[5, 8] hann bað efsa skǫr firum með hjǫrvi ‘he ordered men’s hair to be cut with the sword’: The image of hair-cutting noted by Kock (NN §658) here and in st. 6 (cf. also st. 14) may be a form of humiliating punishment (see Ebel 1999, 240). It is also doubtless a euphemism for beheading. Efsa is recorded only here. Kock compares OE efesian ‘clip, shear, cut’, and the fact that Sigvatr spent time in England and is known for his lexical resourcefulness makes OE influence possible.