Anon Krm 8VIII
Rory McTurk (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Poems, Krákumál 8’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 732.
Hjuggu ‘hewed’
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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. v m. h᷎.’ 1824b, abbrev. as ‘(H’ v)[…]’ (?)’ 147(108r), Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v. m. h.’ R702ˣ
vér ‘We’
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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. v m. h᷎.’ 1824b, abbrev. as ‘(H’ v)[…]’ (?)’ 147(108r), Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v. m. h.’ R702ˣ
með ‘with’
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með (prep.): with
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. v m. h᷎.’ 1824b, abbrev. as ‘(H’ v)[…]’ (?)’ 147(108r), Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v. m. h.’ R702ˣ
hjörvi ‘the sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. v m. h᷎.’ 1824b, abbrev. as ‘(H’ v)[…]’ (?)’ 147(108r), Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v. m. h.’ R702ˣ
gátu ‘obtained’
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2. geta (verb): to beget, give birth to, mention, speak of; to think well of, like, love
[2] gátu þá rafnar: ‘[…]’ 147(108r)
rafnar ‘Ravens’
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hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven
[2] gátu þá rafnar: ‘[…]’ 147(108r)
notes
[2] rafnar ‘ravens’: The intitial <h> in hrafnar ‘ravens’ has been omitted to avoid double alliteration in an even line. The mss differ here among themselves, 1824b (and possibly 147) having ‘hrafnar’, while the others have the r- spelling.
fyrir ‘’
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fyrir (prep.): for, before, because of
[3] fyrir Inndyriseyju (‘fyrir eínderis eyio’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘fyrer Einderis eýo’ with ‘inndýris eyo W.’ in margin 6ˣ, fyrir Inndyriseyjum R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[3] fyrir Inndyriseyju ‘off Inndyrisey’: While Inndyrisey, an island (to judge from the final element in the name), cannot be certainly identified, mention may be made of Inndyr, now a village of some 700 inhabitants in Gildeskål county of the province of Nordland in northern Norway, and situated by an inlet of Sørfjorden (cf. Rygh 1897-1936, XVI, 185). The spelling Einderis eyju, ‑eyjum (CPB Eynderis-eyjom), adopted by all previous eds up to and including Finnur Jónsson (1893b), is in all probability aberrant and secondary; it does not seem to point to a separate location.
Inndyriseyju ‘off Inndyrisey’
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Inndyriseyjar (noun f.)
[3] fyrir Inndyriseyju (‘fyrir eínderis eyio’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘fyrer Einderis eýo’ with ‘inndýris eyo W.’ in margin 6ˣ, fyrir Inndyriseyjum R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[3] fyrir Inndyriseyju ‘off Inndyrisey’: While Inndyrisey, an island (to judge from the final element in the name), cannot be certainly identified, mention may be made of Inndyr, now a village of some 700 inhabitants in Gildeskål county of the province of Nordland in northern Norway, and situated by an inlet of Sørfjorden (cf. Rygh 1897-1936, XVI, 185). The spelling Einderis eyju, ‑eyjum (CPB Eynderis-eyjom), adopted by all previous eds up to and including Finnur Jónsson (1893b), is in all probability aberrant and secondary; it does not seem to point to a separate location.
ærna ‘plenty’
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œrinn (adj.): ample, sufficient
[4] ærna (‘erna’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘ęrna’ with ‘ærna’ in margin 6ˣ, ærna R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
bráð ‘of flesh’
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1. bráð (noun f.): meat
[4] bráð at slíta: ‘[…](a)d at (s)[…]’(?) 147(108r)
at ‘to’
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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)
[4] bráð at slíta: ‘[…](a)d at (s)[…]’(?) 147(108r)
Fengum ‘We provided’
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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive
[5] Fengum fálu hestum: ‘f(e)ng(um) […] (hestu)[…]’(?) 147(108r)
fálu ‘of the giantess’
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fála (noun f.): troll-woman, giantess
[5] Fengum fálu hestum: ‘f(e)ng(um) […] (hestu)[…]’(?) 147(108r)
kennings
hestum fálu‘horses of the giantess ’
= WOLVES
horses of the giantess → WOLVES
notes
[5] fálu ‘of the giantess’: This word, listed as a heiti for ‘giantess’ or ‘troll-woman’ in Þul Trollkvenna 3/2III, is most likely a common noun (e.g. HHj 13/6, 16/3); it is also a term for a hoydenish woman (CVC: fála), as well as a heiti for ‘axe’ (Þul Øxar 1/6III). Cf. also Eisurfála ‘storm-troll-woman?’ (Þul Trollkvenna 4/6III and Note there). There seems no reason to give it an initial capital, as Rafn (1826) and the eds of CPB do.
hestum ‘horses’
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hestr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): horse, stallion
[5] Fengum fálu hestum: ‘f(e)ng(um) […] (hestu)[…]’(?) 147(108r)
kennings
hestum fálu‘horses of the giantess ’
= WOLVES
horses of the giantess → WOLVES
fullan ‘with a full’
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2. fullr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): full, complete
[6] fullan verð at sinni: ‘[…](verd) (s)[...]nn[...]’(?) 147(108r)
verð ‘meal’
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1. verðr (noun m.; °dat. -i): food
[6] fullan verð at sinni: ‘[…](verd) (s)[...]nn[...]’(?) 147(108r)
at ‘on’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
[6] fullan verð at sinni: ‘[…](verd) (s)[...]nn[...]’(?) 147(108r)
sinni ‘that occasion’
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2. sinn (noun n.; °?dat. -): time
[6] fullan verð at sinni: ‘[…](verd) (s)[...]nn[...]’(?) 147(108r)
ilt ‘hard’
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illr (adj.): bad, evil, unwell
[7] ilt var eins at: ‘[...](llt var) [...]’(?) 147(108r)
var ‘it was’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[7] ilt var eins at: ‘[...](llt var) [...]’(?) 147(108r)
eins ‘of individuals’
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2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone
[7] ilt var eins at: ‘[...](llt var) [...]’(?) 147(108r)
notes
[7] at gæta eins ‘to keep track of individuals’: This understanding of the phrase was recognised by Pfeiffer (1860, 225, 239), with his glossing of gæta as sorgen, achten ‘look out for’ and eins as im einzelnen, genau ‘individually, in detail’; similarly Wisén (1886-9, II, 107), and Finnur Jónsson (1893b, 165; Skj B). Rafn (1826, 9, 111), on the other hand, had understood it as sig at vogte, at vogte paa een ‘watch out for oneself’, an understanding perhaps influenced by the use in Modern Scandinavian of en ‘one’ to refer in certain contexts to an indefinite person regarded as typical of every person (cf. Wellander 1965, 261-2).
at ‘to’
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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)
[7] ilt var eins at: ‘[...](llt var) [...]’(?) 147(108r)
notes
[7] at gæta eins ‘to keep track of individuals’: This understanding of the phrase was recognised by Pfeiffer (1860, 225, 239), with his glossing of gæta as sorgen, achten ‘look out for’ and eins as im einzelnen, genau ‘individually, in detail’; similarly Wisén (1886-9, II, 107), and Finnur Jónsson (1893b, 165; Skj B). Rafn (1826, 9, 111), on the other hand, had understood it as sig at vogte, at vogte paa een ‘watch out for oneself’, an understanding perhaps influenced by the use in Modern Scandinavian of en ‘one’ to refer in certain contexts to an indefinite person regarded as typical of every person (cf. Wellander 1965, 261-2).
gæta ‘keep track’
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2. gæta (verb): look after, care for
[7] gæta (‘gęta’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘gęta’ with ‘geta Worm.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘getu’ R702ˣ, geta LR, R693ˣ
notes
[7] at gæta eins ‘to keep track of individuals’: This understanding of the phrase was recognised by Pfeiffer (1860, 225, 239), with his glossing of gæta as sorgen, achten ‘look out for’ and eins as im einzelnen, genau ‘individually, in detail’; similarly Wisén (1886-9, II, 107), and Finnur Jónsson (1893b, 165; Skj B). Rafn (1826, 9, 111), on the other hand, had understood it as sig at vogte, at vogte paa een ‘watch out for oneself’, an understanding perhaps influenced by the use in Modern Scandinavian of en ‘one’ to refer in certain contexts to an indefinite person regarded as typical of every person (cf. Wellander 1965, 261-2).
sólar ‘of the sun’
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sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun
[8] uppruna sólar: ‘[...]’ 147(108r)
Streng ‘bow-string’
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strengr (noun m.; °-jar; -ir): string, rope, bow-string < strenghamla (noun f.)
[9] Strenghömlur (‘strengh haumlür’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘streing raulur’ 6ˣ, ‘streingholmur’ R693ˣ
kennings
strenghömlur‘bow-stringsticks ’
= ARROWS
bow-stringsticks → ARROWS
notes
[9] strenghömlur ‘bow-string-sticks [ARROWS]’: The second element of this cpd ‑hömlur, is understood here as from hamla ‘stick, bar for steering’ (cf. LP: 3. hamla), not hamla ‘rowlock’ (LP: 2. hamla); cf. Mark Eirdr 19/2II hamla vígs ‘staff of battle [SPEAR]’. Rafn (1826, 8-9, 44, 111-12) emends to strengvölur ‘bowstring-maidens, bowstring-prophetesses [ARROWS]’. Wisén (1886-9, II, 276) adopts the not unattractive reading strenghumlur f. pl. ‘bow-string-hornets [ARROWS]’. The present reading is the one adopted by most previous eds.
hömlur ‘sticks’
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1. hamla (noun f.; °*-u; *-ur): rowing position < strenghamla (noun f.)
[9] Strenghömlur (‘strengh haumlür’): ‘[…]’ 147(108r), ‘streing raulur’ 6ˣ, ‘streingholmur’ R693ˣ
kennings
strenghömlur‘bow-stringsticks ’
= ARROWS
bow-stringsticks → ARROWS
notes
[9] strenghömlur ‘bow-string-sticks [ARROWS]’: The second element of this cpd ‑hömlur, is understood here as from hamla ‘stick, bar for steering’ (cf. LP: 3. hamla), not hamla ‘rowlock’ (LP: 2. hamla); cf. Mark Eirdr 19/2II hamla vígs ‘staff of battle [SPEAR]’. Rafn (1826, 8-9, 44, 111-12) emends to strengvölur ‘bowstring-maidens, bowstring-prophetesses [ARROWS]’. Wisén (1886-9, II, 276) adopts the not unattractive reading strenghumlur f. pl. ‘bow-string-hornets [ARROWS]’. The present reading is the one adopted by most previous eds.
stíga ‘ascending’
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stíga (verb): step
[9] stíga: ‘[…]’ 147(108r), stíga with ‘stinga’ in margin 6ˣ, stinga R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[9] stíga ‘ascend’: The variant stinga ‘puncture, transfix’ does not fit the context here and is adopted only by Wisén (1886-99, II, 273).
stökk ‘leapt’
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1. støkkva (verb): (str.) leap, spring; scatter
[10] stökk málmr á skör hjálmi: ‘[...]’ 147(108r), ‘Stakk malmur a skor hialmi’ with ‘stakk almur af ser malmi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘stack almur af sier ma̋lme’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[10] málmr stökk á ‘metal leapt at’: Eds prior to Finnur Jónsson (1893b) retained the ms. reading stakk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of stinga ‘thrust, stab’; subsequent eds (i.e. Finnur Jónsson 1893b; 1905; Skj B; Skald) have emended to stǫkk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of støkkva ‘leap’. The reasons for the emendation are not entirely clear. The verb stinga is most often used transitively, with a dat. object in the sense of ‘thrust’ (as in st. 1/9-10 above) or with an acc. object in the sense of ‘stab, puncture, prick, sting’. Intransitive uses of the verb are relatively hard to find, other than in certain set phrases, e.g. at stinga af ‘be off, depart’ (see Fritzner: stinga 4, cf. ModSwed. sticka; LP, ONP, Heggstad et al. 2008: stinga). With these considerations in mind, the emendation to stökk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of the verb støkkva in its strong, intransitive form ‘leap, spring’, is adopted, with some caution, in the present edn.
málmr ‘metal’
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malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal
[10] stökk málmr á skör hjálmi: ‘[...]’ 147(108r), ‘Stakk malmur a skor hialmi’ with ‘stakk almur af ser malmi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘stack almur af sier ma̋lme’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[10] málmr stökk á ‘metal leapt at’: Eds prior to Finnur Jónsson (1893b) retained the ms. reading stakk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of stinga ‘thrust, stab’; subsequent eds (i.e. Finnur Jónsson 1893b; 1905; Skj B; Skald) have emended to stǫkk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of støkkva ‘leap’. The reasons for the emendation are not entirely clear. The verb stinga is most often used transitively, with a dat. object in the sense of ‘thrust’ (as in st. 1/9-10 above) or with an acc. object in the sense of ‘stab, puncture, prick, sting’. Intransitive uses of the verb are relatively hard to find, other than in certain set phrases, e.g. at stinga af ‘be off, depart’ (see Fritzner: stinga 4, cf. ModSwed. sticka; LP, ONP, Heggstad et al. 2008: stinga). With these considerations in mind, the emendation to stökk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of the verb støkkva in its strong, intransitive form ‘leap, spring’, is adopted, with some caution, in the present edn.
á ‘at’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
[10] stökk málmr á skör hjálmi: ‘[...]’ 147(108r), ‘Stakk malmur a skor hialmi’ with ‘stakk almur af ser malmi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘stack almur af sier ma̋lme’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[10] málmr stökk á ‘metal leapt at’: Eds prior to Finnur Jónsson (1893b) retained the ms. reading stakk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of stinga ‘thrust, stab’; subsequent eds (i.e. Finnur Jónsson 1893b; 1905; Skj B; Skald) have emended to stǫkk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of støkkva ‘leap’. The reasons for the emendation are not entirely clear. The verb stinga is most often used transitively, with a dat. object in the sense of ‘thrust’ (as in st. 1/9-10 above) or with an acc. object in the sense of ‘stab, puncture, prick, sting’. Intransitive uses of the verb are relatively hard to find, other than in certain set phrases, e.g. at stinga af ‘be off, depart’ (see Fritzner: stinga 4, cf. ModSwed. sticka; LP, ONP, Heggstad et al. 2008: stinga). With these considerations in mind, the emendation to stökk, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of the verb støkkva in its strong, intransitive form ‘leap, spring’, is adopted, with some caution, in the present edn.
skör ‘rim’
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skǫr (noun f.; °skarar; skarir): hair, planking
[10] stökk málmr á skör hjálmi: ‘[...]’ 147(108r), ‘Stakk malmur a skor hialmi’ with ‘stakk almur af ser malmi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘stack almur af sier ma̋lme’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
hjálmi ‘of helmet’
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet
[10] stökk málmr á skör hjálmi: ‘[...]’ 147(108r), ‘Stakk malmur a skor hialmi’ with ‘stakk almur af ser malmi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘stack almur af sier ma̋lme’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
We hewed with the sword. Ravens then obtained plenty of flesh to tear off Inndyrisey. We provided horses of the giantess [WOLVES] with a full meal on that occasion at the rising of the sun; it was hard to keep track of individuals. I saw bow-stringsticks [ARROWS] ascending; metal leapt at rim of helmet.
In R702ˣ, LR and R693ˣ the present stanza and st. 7 appear in reverse order. — [7-8]: These lines appear again in 147, somewhat more legibly, at fol. 108r, l. 24: ‘[…](llt uar) eíns at gæta’ (?) and at 108r, l. 24 ‑ 108v, l. 1: ‘fyrir […] pru(n)a solar.’ (?) as ll. 7-8 of st. 13; see the Readings for those lines, and Note to st. 13/7-8 below. — [10]: This line, a relatively rare example in Krm of aðalhending occurring, as would be expected, in an even-numbered line, is comparable in wording with RvHbreiðm Hl 64/7III almr sparn hart til hjalma ‘the elm-bow kicked … hard towards helmets’, where aðalhending also occurs, albeit in an odd-numbered line.
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