Sigv Austv 10^I

Snalldz ‘’

snjallr ‘’

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snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold

Snjalls ‘of the valiant’

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snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold

[1] Snjalls: snjallr 325VI, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 325VII, Flat, ‘Snalldz’ 75c

um ‘’

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1. um (prep.): about, around

lét ‘’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

létum ‘We let’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

[1] létum: lét um 73aˣ, 78aˣ, Flat

skíð ‘’

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skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski

skip ‘the ship’

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skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship

[1] skip: skíð 68

skolla ‘skulk’

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skolla (verb): ridicule, rock

skjǫld ‘monarch [Óláfr]’

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(non-lexical) < skjǫldungr (noun m.): king(non-lexical) < skjǫldungr (noun m.): king

ungr ‘’

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-ungr < skjǫldungr (noun m.): king

ungs ‘’

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(non-lexical) < skjǫldungr (noun m.): king

[2] ‑ungs: ‑ungr 75c

við ‘by’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

ey ‘an island’

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1. ey (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-; -jar): island

vt ‘’

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út (adv.): out(side)

tilld ‘’

tjaldað ‘’

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tjalda (verb): pitch a tent; hang with cloth

tjǫlduð ‘with its awnings up’

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tjalda (verb): pitch a tent; hang with cloth

[2] tjǫlduð: ‘tilld vt’ 325V, tjaldað 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ

fyr ‘opposite’

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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.

ágætum ‘’

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ágætr (adj.; °compar. ágǽtari/ágǽtri, superl. ágǽtastr/ágǽztr): excellent

ágætu ‘some excellent’

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ágætr (adj.; °compar. ágǽtari/ágǽtri, superl. ágǽtastr/ágǽztr): excellent

[3] ágætu: ágætum 61

úti ‘out’

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úti (adv.): out, outdoors, out at sea, abroad

[3] úti: ‘u[…]’ 78aˣ

o᷎nd ‘’

ǫnd ‘’

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2. ǫnd (noun f.; °andar, dat. ǫnd/ǫndu; andir): soul, breath < ǫndverðr (adj.): early, beginning

[4] ǫndvert: ‘o᷎ndítt’ 73aˣ

ítt ‘’

vert ‘at the beginning of’

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3. verðr (adj.): worth, worthy < ǫndverðr (adj.): early, beginning

[4] ǫndvert: ‘o᷎ndítt’ 73aˣ

sumar ‘summer’

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sumar (noun n.; °-s; sumur/sumar): summer

landi ‘country’

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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land

Enn ‘But’

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2. enn (adv.): still, yet, again

í ‘in’

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í (prep.): in, into

haust ‘autumn’

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haust (noun n.; °-s; -): autumn

þá ‘’

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2. þá (adv.): then

þar ‘’

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þar (adv.): there

es ‘when’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[5] es (‘er’): þá er 61, þar er Kˣ

hæstar ‘’

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3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high

hestar ‘the horses’

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hestr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): horse, stallion

[5] hestar: hæstar 325VII

kennings

haf ‘’

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haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < hafþorn (noun m.)haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < hafþórr (noun m.)

hag ‘the haw’

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(non-lexical) < hagþorn (noun m.)(non-lexical) < hagþorn (noun m.)

[6] hag‑: haf‑ 68, 61, 75c, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[6] á mó hagþorns ‘on the hawthorn’s moor [LAND]’: The point is that ships are drawn up onto land at the onset of winter – and so is the poet as he rides reluctantly on his mission. (a) The phrase adequately conveys the sense ‘dry land’. As a kenning it is not very convincing, but the alternatives are arguably not more so. (b) Kock (NN §628) interprets gen. hagþorns adjectivally to mean ‘overgrown with hawthorns’, so that mó hagþorns is not a kenning (so also ÍF 27). (c) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B, but cf. LP: hagþorn) construes hagþorns with hestar Ekkils ‘the horses of Ekkill <sea-king> [SHIPS]’ in l. 5; but it is superfluous in that kenning, and there is no apparent reason to associate hawthorns with ships. (d) Meissner 88 suggests emending mó to mar ‘sea’, producing an eccentric kenning but one that would have logic as the inverse of the pattern láð þangs ‘land of sea-weed [SEA]’. The range of the hawthorn in Norway and Sweden has played a role in attempts to identify Sigvatr’s route for the journey and the season of his departure: see Beckman (1923, 331); Beckman (1934, 213); Edqvist (1943, 70-1).

þors ‘’

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Þórr (noun m.): Thor; giant, ogre, monster < hafþórr (noun m.)

þorn ‘’

þorns ‘thorn’s’

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1. þorn (noun m.; °; -ar): thorn < hagþorn (noun m.)1. þorn (noun m.; °; -ar): thorn < hafþorn (noun m.)

[6] ‑þorns: þorn 73aˣ, ‘‑þors’ Tóm

kennings

notes

[6] á mó hagþorns ‘on the hawthorn’s moor [LAND]’: The point is that ships are drawn up onto land at the onset of winter – and so is the poet as he rides reluctantly on his mission. (a) The phrase adequately conveys the sense ‘dry land’. As a kenning it is not very convincing, but the alternatives are arguably not more so. (b) Kock (NN §628) interprets gen. hagþorns adjectivally to mean ‘overgrown with hawthorns’, so that mó hagþorns is not a kenning (so also ÍF 27). (c) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B, but cf. LP: hagþorn) construes hagþorns with hestar Ekkils ‘the horses of Ekkill <sea-king> [SHIPS]’ in l. 5; but it is superfluous in that kenning, and there is no apparent reason to associate hawthorns with ships. (d) Meissner 88 suggests emending mó to mar ‘sea’, producing an eccentric kenning but one that would have logic as the inverse of the pattern láð þangs ‘land of sea-weed [SEA]’. The range of the hawthorn in Norway and Sweden has played a role in attempts to identify Sigvatr’s route for the journey and the season of his departure: see Beckman (1923, 331); Beckman (1934, 213); Edqvist (1943, 70-1).

á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

[6] á mó: ‘amo’ R686ˣ, Holm4, 75c, Flat, ‘aíno’ Bb

notes

[6] á mó hagþorns ‘on the hawthorn’s moor [LAND]’: The point is that ships are drawn up onto land at the onset of winter – and so is the poet as he rides reluctantly on his mission. (a) The phrase adequately conveys the sense ‘dry land’. As a kenning it is not very convincing, but the alternatives are arguably not more so. (b) Kock (NN §628) interprets gen. hagþorns adjectivally to mean ‘overgrown with hawthorns’, so that mó hagþorns is not a kenning (so also ÍF 27). (c) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B, but cf. LP: hagþorn) construes hagþorns with hestar Ekkils ‘the horses of Ekkill <sea-king> [SHIPS]’ in l. 5; but it is superfluous in that kenning, and there is no apparent reason to associate hawthorns with ships. (d) Meissner 88 suggests emending mó to mar ‘sea’, producing an eccentric kenning but one that would have logic as the inverse of the pattern láð þangs ‘land of sea-weed [SEA]’. The range of the hawthorn in Norway and Sweden has played a role in attempts to identify Sigvatr’s route for the journey and the season of his departure: see Beckman (1923, 331); Beckman (1934, 213); Edqvist (1943, 70-1).

aíno ‘’

amo ‘’

mó ‘moor’

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1. mór (noun m.; °; -ar): moor, heath

[6] á mó: ‘amo’ R686ˣ, Holm4, 75c, Flat, ‘aíno’ Bb

kennings

notes

[6] á mó hagþorns ‘on the hawthorn’s moor [LAND]’: The point is that ships are drawn up onto land at the onset of winter – and so is the poet as he rides reluctantly on his mission. (a) The phrase adequately conveys the sense ‘dry land’. As a kenning it is not very convincing, but the alternatives are arguably not more so. (b) Kock (NN §628) interprets gen. hagþorns adjectivally to mean ‘overgrown with hawthorns’, so that mó hagþorns is not a kenning (so also ÍF 27). (c) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B, but cf. LP: hagþorn) construes hagþorns with hestar Ekkils ‘the horses of Ekkill <sea-king> [SHIPS]’ in l. 5; but it is superfluous in that kenning, and there is no apparent reason to associate hawthorns with ships. (d) Meissner 88 suggests emending mó to mar ‘sea’, producing an eccentric kenning but one that would have logic as the inverse of the pattern láð þangs ‘land of sea-weed [SEA]’. The range of the hawthorn in Norway and Sweden has played a role in attempts to identify Sigvatr’s route for the journey and the season of his departure: see Beckman (1923, 331); Beckman (1934, 213); Edqvist (1943, 70-1).

spornat ‘’

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2. sporna (verb): tread

sporna ‘tread’

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2. sporna (verb): tread

[6] sporna: spornat 78aˣ

ræð ‘’

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2. rœða (verb): utter, speak

fekk ‘’

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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

tæ ‘’

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tjá (verb): to put in order, prepare

tek ‘’

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2. taka (verb): take

ték ‘I report’

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tjá (verb): to put in order, prepare

[7] ték (‘te ec’): tæ ek 325V, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, 68, 325VII, fekk 61, tek ek Holm4, Flat, Kˣ, ræð ek Tóm

notes

[7, 8] ték ýmissar íðir ‘I report various doings’: As Finnur Jónsson (1932, 9) observes, the point is simply to contrast the different kinds of ‘riding’ in the two helmingar. For ték ‘I report’, Noreen (1923, 38) would read tekk ‘I take’ with Kˣ and Holm4, on questionable stemmatic grounds, and regardless of sense.

ýmsum ‘’

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ýmiss (adj.): various, alternate

ýmissar ‘various’

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ýmiss (adj.): various, alternate

[7] ýmissar: ýmsum 972ˣ

notes

[7, 8] ték ýmissar íðir ‘I report various doings’: As Finnur Jónsson (1932, 9) observes, the point is simply to contrast the different kinds of ‘riding’ in the two helmingar. For ték ‘I report’, Noreen (1923, 38) would read tekk ‘I take’ with Kˣ and Holm4, on questionable stemmatic grounds, and regardless of sense.

eikjum ‘’

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Eikjar (noun f.)

ekkjum ‘’

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1. ekkja (noun f.; °-u; -ur, gen. ekkna): widow, woman

ækiur ‘’

ekkjur ‘’

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1. ekkja (noun f.; °-u; -ur, gen. ekkna): widow, woman

Ekkils ‘of Ekkill’

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Ekkill (noun m.): Ekkill

[7] Ekkils: so Kˣ, ekkjum Holm2, 68, ekkjur 325V, R686ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 61, Holm4, 75c, Flat, Tóm, ‘ækiur’ 325VII, eikjum Bb

kennings

notes

[7] Ekkils ‘of Ekkill <sea-king>’: (a) Though unique to Kˣ, Ekkils is surely correct, being the lectio difficilior. (b) Some eds adopt the reading ekkjum of some mss, with the poetic meaning ‘women’ (lit. ‘widows’) and place it in the intercalary clause, with the result that it is horses rather than ships that tread the land in autumn (Ternström 1871; ÍF 27; Jón Skaptason 1983, 91).

iþ(r)r ‘’

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3. iðr (noun n.; °; -): womb, innards

iðil ‘’

iðit ‘’

iðnir ‘’

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iðn (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): task

íðir ‘doings’

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íð (noun f.): task

[8] íðir: ‘iþ(r)r’(?) R686ˣ, ‘iðil’ 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, iðnir 73aˣ, 68, 75c, 325VII, Flat, Tóm, iðit 61

notes

[7, 8] ték ýmissar íðir ‘I report various doings’: As Finnur Jónsson (1932, 9) observes, the point is simply to contrast the different kinds of ‘riding’ in the two helmingar. For ték ‘I report’, Noreen (1923, 38) would read tekk ‘I take’ with Kˣ and Holm4, on questionable stemmatic grounds, and regardless of sense.

hlite ‘’

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2. hlíta (verb): [endure]

hlytt ‘’

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2. hlýða (verb): hear, listen; be able

hlyck ‘’

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hlykkr (noun m.; °; -ir): °knæk, krumning; bortforklaring, udflugt

hlyt ‘’

hlýsk ‘’

hlýt ‘’

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hljóta (verb): alot, gain

hlautk ‘’

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hljóta (verb): alot, gain

hlýt ‘’

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hljóta (verb): alot, gain

hlýtk ‘it is my lot’

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hljóta (verb): alot, gain

[8] hlýtk: hlýt 325V, Flat, ‘hlytt’ R686ˣ, ‘hlite’ 972ˣ, ‘hlyck’ 325VI, ‘hlyt’ 75a, hlýsk 78aˣ, hlýt with a letter above t 68, hlautk Holm4, Kˣ

notes

[8] hlýtk ‘it is my lot’: The reading hlautk ‘it was my lot’ of Kˣ and Holm4, as recommended by Noreen (1923, 38), is adopted in some eds (ÍF 27; Hkr 1991), but it seems likelier that the poet is contrasting past contentment with present discontent, and at all events he treats his riding as taking place in the present moment in the following stanza, with its pres.-tense verbs. It is easier to explain why hlýtk should have been altered to hlautk by a copyist, to agree with pret. létum ‘we let’ in l. 1, than the reverse.

at ‘to’

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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

ríða ‘ride’

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1. ríða (verb): ride