RvHbreiðm Hl 70III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 70’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1079.
Guðr ‘The battle’
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guðr (noun f.): battle
vas ‘was’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
en ‘and’
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2. en (conj.): but, and
[1] en grams niðr: ‘en gramur grār … udr’ papp25ˣ, ‘en gram …’ R683ˣ
grams ‘of the lord’
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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
[1] en grams niðr: ‘en gramur grār … udr’ papp25ˣ, ‘en gram …’ R683ˣ
kennings
niðr grams‘the kinsman of the lord ’
= Knútr
the kinsman of the lord → Knútr
notes
[1] niðr grams ‘the kinsman of the lord [= Knútr]’: This is Jón Helgason’s suggestion (Hl 1941). Rugman’s transcriptions (‘en gramur grār … udr’ papp25ˣ, ‘en gram … | …udur’ R683ˣ) show that the first word must have been abbreviated in his exemplar (the stem ‘grā’), but that he was uncertain of the ending (rendered as ‘-r’ in papp25ˣ and as ‘…’ in R683ˣ). He could only read with certainty the last two letters of the second word (‘dr’).
niðr ‘the kinsman’
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1. niðr (noun m.; °-s; niðjar/niðir, acc. niði): son, kinsman, relative
[1] en grams niðr: ‘en gramur grār … udr’ papp25ˣ, ‘en gram …’ R683ˣ
kennings
niðr grams‘the kinsman of the lord ’
= Knútr
the kinsman of the lord → Knútr
notes
[1] niðr grams ‘the kinsman of the lord [= Knútr]’: This is Jón Helgason’s suggestion (Hl 1941). Rugman’s transcriptions (‘en gramur grār … udr’ papp25ˣ, ‘en gram … | …udur’ R683ˣ) show that the first word must have been abbreviated in his exemplar (the stem ‘grā’), but that he was uncertain of the ending (rendered as ‘-r’ in papp25ˣ and as ‘…’ in R683ˣ). He could only read with certainty the last two letters of the second word (‘dr’).
gekk ‘went’
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2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go
[2] gekk: ‘… udur feck’ R683ˣ
herr ‘the army’
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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host
berjask ‘to fight’
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2. berja (verb; °barði; barðr/bariðr/barinn): fight
flótta ‘to flee’
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flótti (noun m.): flight, fleeing
þars ‘where’
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þars (conj.): where
fell ‘fell’
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falla (verb): fall
drótt ‘retinue’
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1. drótt (noun f.): troop
fúss ‘eager’
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fúss (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): eager, willing
[4] fúss trauðr: fús trauð papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
notes
[4] fúss; trauðr ‘eager; reluctant’: Trauð and fús (so both mss) are both f. nom. sg. or n. nom./acc. pl. and they have been emended to fúss and trauðr (m. nom. sg.) because they qualify niðr (m. nom. sg.) ‘relative’ (l. 1) and herr (m. nom. sg.) ‘army’ (l. 2) respectively. For the possible spelling <s> for <ss> and the loss of final ‑r, see Notes to sts 5/2 and 56/6.
notes
[4] fúss; trauðr ‘eager; reluctant’: Trauð and fús (so both mss) are both f. nom. sg. or n. nom./acc. pl. and they have been emended to fúss and trauðr (m. nom. sg.) because they qualify niðr (m. nom. sg.) ‘relative’ (l. 1) and herr (m. nom. sg.) ‘army’ (l. 2) respectively. For the possible spelling <s> for <ss> and the loss of final ‑r, see Notes to sts 5/2 and 56/6.
kvik ‘lively’
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kvikr (adj.; °-van/-an): alive
dauð ‘the dead’
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1. dauðr (noun m.; °-s): death
Þótti ‘seemed’
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2. þykkja (verb): seem, think
notes
[5] þar ‘there’: The mss have þat ‘that’ which is clearly incorrect, and the emendation is in keeping with earlier eds.
ulfs ‘of the wolf’
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1. ulfr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): wolf
ætt ‘family’
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1. ætt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): family
ǫrva ‘of arrows’
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ǫr (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; ǫrvar/ǫrar): arrow
kennings
snǫr hríð ǫrva‘the swift storm of arrows ’
= BATTLE
the swift storm of arrows → BATTLE
gerðisk ‘became’
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1. gera (verb): do, make
hríð ‘storm’
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hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm
kennings
snǫr hríð ǫrva‘the swift storm of arrows ’
= BATTLE
the swift storm of arrows → BATTLE
snǫr ‘the swift’
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snarr (adj.): gallant, bold
kennings
snǫr hríð ǫrva‘the swift storm of arrows ’
= BATTLE
the swift storm of arrows → BATTLE
eigi ‘not’
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3. eigi (adv.): not
vas ‘was’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
fleins ‘of the spear’
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fleinn (noun m.; °dat. fleini): spear
kennings
flaug fleins‘the flight of the spear ’
= BATTLE
the flight of the spear → BATTLE
flaug ‘the flight’
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flaug (noun f.): flight
kennings
flaug fleins‘the flight of the spear ’
= BATTLE
the flight of the spear → BATTLE
full ‘sated’
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2. fullr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): full, complete
notes
[8] full; svǫng ‘sated; hungry’: Skj B construes the two antithetical adjectives as one cpd, full-svǫng ‘very hungry’, qualifying ætt ulfs ‘the family of the wolf’ (l. 5), which is at odds with the other antithetical constructions.
svǫng ‘The hungry’
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2. svangr (adj.): hungry
notes
[8] full; svǫng ‘sated; hungry’: Skj B construes the two antithetical adjectives as one cpd, full-svǫng ‘very hungry’, qualifying ætt ulfs ‘the family of the wolf’ (l. 5), which is at odds with the other antithetical constructions.
skǫmm ‘short’
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skammr (adj.): short
lǫng ‘long’
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langr (adj.; °compar. lengri, superl. lengstr): long
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
As st. 69 above, but only ll. 4 and 8 are alhnept ‘completely curtailed’. Lines 1, 3, 5-7 are hálfhneppt ‘half-curtailed’ or náhent ‘close-rhymed’ (SnSt Ht 77, 75) and l. 2 is stúfhent ‘stump-rhymed’ or náhent (Ht 74-5). See also sts 23-4, 29-30 and 49-50.
The antitheses occur in the following words: fúss ‘eager’ : trauðr ‘reluctant’; kvik ‘lively’ : dauð ‘dead’ (l. 4); full ‘sated’ : svǫng ‘hungry’; skǫmm ‘short’ : lǫng ‘long’ (l. 8). Reassignment of the adjectives again results in a rather scathing satire (i.e. ‘and the kinsman of the lord eager to flee’, ll. 1, 3, 4; ‘the army went reluctant to fight’, ll. 2, 4; ‘the sated family of the wolf seemed hungry there’, ll. 5, 8; ‘the swift storm of arrows became short’, ll. 6, 8; ‘the flight of the spear was not long’, ll. 7, 8). See Note to st. 55 [All]. — [1-4]: Skj B and Skald follow the text of R683ˣ, and their reconstruction of the first helmingr is incorrect and will not be discussed here.
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