Anon Krm 14VIII
Rory McTurk (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Poems, Krákumál 14’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 745.
Hjuggu ‘hewed’
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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. ver m h᷎.’ 1824b, (?) abbrev. as ‘[…] v(’) m(’) h(’)’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H v m h.’ R702ˣ
vér ‘We’
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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. ver m h᷎.’ 1824b, (?) abbrev. as ‘[…] v(’) m(’) h(’)’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H v m h.’ R702ˣ
með ‘with’
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með (prep.): with
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. ver m h᷎.’ 1824b, (?) abbrev. as ‘[…] v(’) m(’) h(’)’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H v m h.’ R702ˣ
hjörvi ‘the sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. ver m h᷎.’ 1824b, (?) abbrev. as ‘[…] v(’) m(’) h(’)’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H v m h.’ R702ˣ
Hörð ‘A hard’
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harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh
[2] Hörð kom: ‘h[…] (kom)’(?) 147, ‘hórd kom hórd kom’ R702ˣ
kom ‘assailed’
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
[2] Hörð kom: ‘h[…] (kom)’(?) 147, ‘hórd kom hórd kom’ R702ˣ
ríð ‘storm’
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hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm
[2] ríð á skjöldu: ‘h(ri)[…] sk[…]lld[…]’(?) 147
notes
[2] ríð ‘storm’: The Old Norwegian spelling ríð, adopted in previous eds from Finnur Jónsson (1893b) onwards, is needed to avoid double alliteration in an even line.
skjöldu ‘shields’
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skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield
[2] ríð á skjöldu: ‘h(ri)[…] sk[…]lld[…]’(?) 147; skjöldu: skjöldum LR
nár ‘a corpse’
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nár (noun m.; °-s; -ir): corpse
[3] nár (‘nar’): so R702ˣ, R693ˣ, ‘nęrr’ 1824b, ‘[…]ꜳ[…]’ 147, ‘nęr’ with ‘legam. nar’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘naer’ LR
fell ‘fell’
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falla (verb): fall
[3] fell niðr til jarðar: ‘fell nidur til […]ar(d)ar’(?) 147
niðr ‘down’
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3. niðr (adv.): down
[3] fell niðr til jarðar: ‘fell nidur til […]ar(d)ar’(?) 147
jarðar ‘earth’
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jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
[3] fell niðr til jarðar: ‘fell nidur til […]ar(d)ar’(?) 147
á ‘in’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
notes
[4] á Norðimbralandi ‘in Northumbria’: Meaning originally, as Townend (1998, 59) has shown, ‘the land of the people north of the Humber’, Norðimbraland refers here, somewhat loosely, to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, of which York was the capital (Haywood 2000, 213-14, cf. 135). It was in York, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, that the Great Army of the vikings who landed in East Anglia in 865 put to death in 866 the rival Northumbrian kings Osberht and Ælle (see ASC I, 68-9; cf. Garmonsway 1954, 68, n. 1 and Wormald 1982, 142-3), and the slaying of the latter king, known in Norse tradition as Ella, is presented in Krm (st. 27/5-8, cf. sts 24/5-6 and 26/2-10), in Ragn and RagnSon, as well as in Saxo’s account (where he is named Hella) as an act of vengeance by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók for their father’s death at King (H)ella’s hands in a snake-pit. Ælle is presented as king of England in the 1824b text of Ragn, but specifically as a king of Northumbria in RagnSon. Saxo’s location of Ragnarr’s death in Ireland appears to be based on a misreading by him of Humbros ‘Northumbrians’ as Hibernos ‘Irishmen’ (Saxo 2015 I, ix. 4. 38, 5. 1-5, pp. 660-5; cf. de Vries 1928d, 140; Rowe 2012, 100).
Norðimbra ‘Northumbri’
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norðymbri (noun m.): [Northumbrians] < norðimbraland (noun n.)
[4] Norðimbra‑: ‘Nordimbra’ with ‘Nordymbra’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘Nordhumra’ R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
notes
[4] á Norðimbralandi ‘in Northumbria’: Meaning originally, as Townend (1998, 59) has shown, ‘the land of the people north of the Humber’, Norðimbraland refers here, somewhat loosely, to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, of which York was the capital (Haywood 2000, 213-14, cf. 135). It was in York, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, that the Great Army of the vikings who landed in East Anglia in 865 put to death in 866 the rival Northumbrian kings Osberht and Ælle (see ASC I, 68-9; cf. Garmonsway 1954, 68, n. 1 and Wormald 1982, 142-3), and the slaying of the latter king, known in Norse tradition as Ella, is presented in Krm (st. 27/5-8, cf. sts 24/5-6 and 26/2-10), in Ragn and RagnSon, as well as in Saxo’s account (where he is named Hella) as an act of vengeance by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók for their father’s death at King (H)ella’s hands in a snake-pit. Ælle is presented as king of England in the 1824b text of Ragn, but specifically as a king of Northumbria in RagnSon. Saxo’s location of Ragnarr’s death in Ireland appears to be based on a misreading by him of Humbros ‘Northumbrians’ as Hibernos ‘Irishmen’ (Saxo 2015 I, ix. 4. 38, 5. 1-5, pp. 660-5; cf. de Vries 1928d, 140; Rowe 2012, 100).
landi ‘a’
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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land < norðimbraland (noun n.)
notes
[4] á Norðimbralandi ‘in Northumbria’: Meaning originally, as Townend (1998, 59) has shown, ‘the land of the people north of the Humber’, Norðimbraland refers here, somewhat loosely, to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, of which York was the capital (Haywood 2000, 213-14, cf. 135). It was in York, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, that the Great Army of the vikings who landed in East Anglia in 865 put to death in 866 the rival Northumbrian kings Osberht and Ælle (see ASC I, 68-9; cf. Garmonsway 1954, 68, n. 1 and Wormald 1982, 142-3), and the slaying of the latter king, known in Norse tradition as Ella, is presented in Krm (st. 27/5-8, cf. sts 24/5-6 and 26/2-10), in Ragn and RagnSon, as well as in Saxo’s account (where he is named Hella) as an act of vengeance by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók for their father’s death at King (H)ella’s hands in a snake-pit. Ælle is presented as king of England in the 1824b text of Ragn, but specifically as a king of Northumbria in RagnSon. Saxo’s location of Ragnarr’s death in Ireland appears to be based on a misreading by him of Humbros ‘Northumbrians’ as Hibernos ‘Irishmen’ (Saxo 2015 I, ix. 4. 38, 5. 1-5, pp. 660-5; cf. de Vries 1928d, 140; Rowe 2012, 100).
Varat ‘there was’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[5] Varat um eina óttu: ‘var ad […]’ 147
notes
[5] varat ‘there was … no’: This is another example of the negative particle -at that early translators of Krm (notably Magnús Ólafsson in Worm 1636, 211) failed to notice. Cf. st. 13, Note to ll. 9-10 above. — [5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
Varat ‘there was’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[5] Varat um eina óttu: ‘var ad […]’ 147
notes
[5] varat ‘there was … no’: This is another example of the negative particle -at that early translators of Krm (notably Magnús Ólafsson in Worm 1636, 211) failed to notice. Cf. st. 13, Note to ll. 9-10 above. — [5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
eina ‘Once’
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1. einn (num. cardinal; °f. ein, n. eitt; pl. einir; superl. debil. -asti(Anna238(2001) 155³²)): one; alone
[5] Varat um eina óttu: ‘var ad […]’ 147
öldum ‘people’
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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
þörf ‘no cause’
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þǫrf (noun f.; °þarfar; þarfar/þarfir): need
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
at ‘to’
(not checked:)
5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
frýja ‘reproach’
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2. frýja (verb): reproach, complain
[6] frýja: ‘(f[…]yia)’(?) 147, ‘frya’ 6ˣ, ‘flya’ R702ˣ, LR, ‘flÿa’ R693ˣ
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
kennings
leiks Hildar,‘the game of Hildr, ’
= BATTLE
the game of Hildr, → BATTLE
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
leiks ‘the game’
(not checked:)
1. leikr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ar): sport, play
[7] leiks (‘l[...]iks’): so 147, leik all others
kennings
leiks Hildar,‘the game of Hildr, ’
= BATTLE
the game of Hildr, → BATTLE
notes
[5, 6-7] varat þörf at frýja öldum leiks Hildar ‘there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE]’: I.e. ‘to find fault with the way people fought’. Alone among the various mss 147 has here the gen. form leiks (‘l[…]iks’) which seems to be correct in the context. The verb frýja (cf. st. 5/2, above) in the sense ‘upbraid sby with the lack of sth.’ may take the dat. of the person upbraided and the gen. of the quality lacking, see LP: frýja 2. Most previous eds read leiks, presumably by emendation, since 147 appears to have been illegible to them; see Olsen (Ragn 1906-8, 188). The present ed. adopts the reading leiks from that ms.
þar ‘where’
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þar (adv.): there
er ‘’
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2. er (conj.): who, which, when
hvassir ‘sharp’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp
[7] hvassir: ‘hv(a)ssir’(?) 147
hjálm ‘helmet’
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet < hjalmstofn (noun m.)
kennings
hjálmstofn.‘helmet-peg. ’
= HEAD
helmet-peg. → HEAD
stofn ‘peg’
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stofn (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): pole, tree-stump < hjalmstofn (noun m.)
[8] ‑stofn: ‘[…]’ 147, stofn with comment in margin ‘stoinn pro stofn hefur hann sett’ 6ˣ, ‘‑tvn’ R702ˣ, ‘tun’ LR, ‘tvn’ R693ˣ
kennings
hjálmstofn.‘helmet-peg. ’
= HEAD
helmet-peg. → HEAD
bitu ‘bit’
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bíta (verb; °bítr; beit, bitu; bitinn): bite
[8] bitu skjómar: ‘(b)it(u) […] omar’(?) 147
Ben ‘wound’
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1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4° D)): wound < benmáni (noun m.)
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
kennings
benmána‘wound-moons ’
= SHIELDS
wound-moons → SHIELDS
mána ‘moons’
(not checked:)
máni (noun m.; °-a): moon < benmáni (noun m.)
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
kennings
benmána‘wound-moons ’
= SHIELDS
wound-moons → SHIELDS
sá ‘saw’
(not checked:)
2. sjá (verb): see
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
ek ‘I’
(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
bresta ‘break’
(not checked:)
1. bresta (verb; °brestr; brast, brustu; brostinn): burst, split
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
brá ‘ceased’
(not checked:)
bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
því ‘as a result’
(not checked:)
því (adv.): therefore, because
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
fira ‘men’s’
(not checked:)
firar (noun m.): men
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
lífi ‘lives’
(not checked:)
líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life
[9, 10] Benmána sá ek bresta brá því fira lífi: ‘[…] (sa) eg b(r)esta b[...] (fira lifi)’(?) 147, ‘Ręn mana sa ek bresta Bra þui fira life’ with ‘varat sem unga ekkio j aundvegi kyste’ at foot of page 6ˣ, vara sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa R702ˣ, varat sem unga ekkju í öndvegi kyssa LR, R693ˣ
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
We hewed with the sword. A hard storm assailed shields; a corpse fell down to earth in Northumbria. Once, at daybreak there was no cause to reproach people over the game of Hildr <valkyrie> [BATTLE], where sharp shiners <swords> bit [many a] helmet-peg [HEAD]. I saw wound-moons [SHIELDS] break; men’s lives ceased as a result.
In 147 (108v, l. 1) ll. 9-10 of st. 1 (apart from the final word of l. 10) appear in abbreviated form between the present stanza and st. 13. — [9-10]: As the Readings above indicate, R702ˣ and LR have, in place of these two lines as preserved in 1824b, 147, and 6ˣ (this last acknowledging the LR reading), what are printed as ll. 9-10 of st. 20 in the present edn. In common with earlier eds up to and including Wisén (1886-9), the present ed. here follows the text of 1824b, now with the added support of the fragmentary text of 147 (cf. Note to ll. 5, 6-7 above and cf. also Ragn 1906-08, 188, and Skj AI, 645). Subsequent eds (i.e. Finnur Jónsson 1893b; 1905; Skj B; Skald) have followed R702ˣ and LR in reproducing here the lines printed below as st. 20/9-10. The present ed. differs from the earlier group of eds, however, in adopting here the reading benmána acc. pl. (or sg.) ‘wound-moon(s) [SHIELD(S)]’, which seems to have the support of 1824b, as opposed to the reading böðmána acc. pl. (or sg.) ‘battle-moon(s) [SHIELD(S)]’ found in st. 20/9 as preserved in R702ˣ, LR , 6ˣ and 693ˣ; see the relevant Readings and Notes to st. 20 below.
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