Anon Krm 10^VIII

Hjuggu ‘hewed’

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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew

[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. uer. m. h᷎.’ 1824b, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v med h:’ R702ˣ

vér ‘We’

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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our

[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. uer. m. h᷎.’ 1824b, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v med h:’ R702ˣ

með ‘with’

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með (prep.): with

[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. uer. m. h᷎.’ 1824b, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v med h:’ R702ˣ

hjörvi ‘the sword’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘Hiug. uer. m. h᷎.’ 1824b, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, abbrev. as ‘H. v med h:’ R702ˣ

Hildr ‘The battle’

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1. hildr (noun f.): battle

[2] Hildr var sýnt í vexti: om. but written in margin in same hand R693ˣ

notes

[2] hildr ‘the battle’: While hildr is presumably to be taken here as a common noun meaning ‘battle’ (cf. LP: hildr 1), the extent to which Krm draws for its diction in contexts of battle on the legend of the Hjaðningavíg ‘the battle of Heðinn’s followers’, in which a woman named Hildr figures prominently, should be noted.

var ‘was’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[2] Hildr var sýnt í vexti: om. but written in margin in same hand R693ˣ

notes

[2] var sýnt í vexti ‘was clearly well advanced’: Sýnt ‘clearly’ is n. acc. sg. of sýnn adj. ‘clear, evident’, used here adverbially, while the phrase í vexti ‘advanced’, with vexti, dat. sg. of vǫxtr ‘growth’, means lit. ‘in (a state of) growth’.

sýnt ‘clearly’

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sýnn (adj.): visible

[2] Hildr var sýnt í vexti: om. but written in margin in same hand R693ˣ

notes

[2] var sýnt í vexti ‘was clearly well advanced’: Sýnt ‘clearly’ is n. acc. sg. of sýnn adj. ‘clear, evident’, used here adverbially, while the phrase í vexti ‘advanced’, with vexti, dat. sg. of vǫxtr ‘growth’, means lit. ‘in (a state of) growth’.

í ‘well’

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í (prep.): in, into

[2] Hildr var sýnt í vexti: om. but written in margin in same hand R693ˣ

notes

[2] var sýnt í vexti ‘was clearly well advanced’: Sýnt ‘clearly’ is n. acc. sg. of sýnn adj. ‘clear, evident’, used here adverbially, while the phrase í vexti ‘advanced’, with vexti, dat. sg. of vǫxtr ‘growth’, means lit. ‘in (a state of) growth’.

vexti ‘advanced’

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vaxa (verb): grow, increase

[2] Hildr var sýnt í vexti: om. but written in margin in same hand R693ˣ

notes

[2] var sýnt í vexti ‘was clearly well advanced’: Sýnt ‘clearly’ is n. acc. sg. of sýnn adj. ‘clear, evident’, used here adverbially, while the phrase í vexti ‘advanced’, with vexti, dat. sg. of vǫxtr ‘growth’, means lit. ‘in (a state of) growth’.

áðr ‘before’

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áðr (adv.; °//): before

Freyr ‘Freyr’

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Freyr (noun m.): (a god)

notes

[3] Freyr: The mention of a King Freyr here recalls the Frø of Saxo (Saxo 2015, I, ix. 4. 1, pp. 632-3). This Frø is a king of Sweden (rex Suetie) upon whom Regnerus takes revenge for the slaying of his paternal grandfather Sywardus, ruler of Norway (Noruagie dux), and acquires his first wife, Lathgertha, as a result of her joining forces with him against Frø. This appears to be the only instance of the name Freyr being applied to a king rather than a god (LP: Freyr 1, 2).

konungr ‘King’

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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king

felli ‘fell’

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falla (verb): fall

[3] felli: ‘filli’ LR

í ‘in’

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í (prep.): in, into

[4] í Flæmingjaveldi: í Flæmingja veldi with ‘ä landi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, á Flæmingja landi R702ˣ, ‘a flemingia lande’ LR, R693ˣ

notes

[4] í Flæmingjaveldi ‘in the realm of the Flemings’: ‘The realm of the Flemings’ must be Flanders, the exact extent of which in viking times is uncertain. According to Steenstrup (1876-82, III, 105-6), its coast extended northwards from Quentowic in the mouth of the river Canche, just south of Boulogne, to the Scheldt estuary (in modern terms from north-eastern France through Belgium into the south-west Netherlands). A viking raid on Paris followed by devastation of coastal regions is reported in the contemporary Annales Bertiniani for 845 (Nelson 1991, 60-2; Rau 1969, 64-6; Skyum-Nielsen 1967, 13-14), and the leader of the Paris raid is named as Reginheri (cf. Ragnarr) in the contemporary Annales Xantenses (Rau 1969, 348; cf. Skyum-Nielsen 1967, 15) and as Raginarius in the near-contemporary Translatio Sancti Germani (de Smedt et al. 1883, 91-3; cf. Rowe 2012, 28-31). It is thus possible that the coastal regions referred to in the Annales Bertiniani were those of Flanders, and that the raiders were Reginheri and his followers. The evidence, however, is uncertain, and it is likely that the land of the Flemings is mentioned here simply as one of the many known viking targets.

Flæmingjaveldi ‘the realm of the Flemings’

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Flæmingjaveldi (noun n.)

[4] í Flæmingjaveldi: í Flæmingja veldi with ‘ä landi. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, á Flæmingja landi R702ˣ, ‘a flemingia lande’ LR, R693ˣ

notes

[4] í Flæmingjaveldi ‘in the realm of the Flemings’: ‘The realm of the Flemings’ must be Flanders, the exact extent of which in viking times is uncertain. According to Steenstrup (1876-82, III, 105-6), its coast extended northwards from Quentowic in the mouth of the river Canche, just south of Boulogne, to the Scheldt estuary (in modern terms from north-eastern France through Belgium into the south-west Netherlands). A viking raid on Paris followed by devastation of coastal regions is reported in the contemporary Annales Bertiniani for 845 (Nelson 1991, 60-2; Rau 1969, 64-6; Skyum-Nielsen 1967, 13-14), and the leader of the Paris raid is named as Reginheri (cf. Ragnarr) in the contemporary Annales Xantenses (Rau 1969, 348; cf. Skyum-Nielsen 1967, 15) and as Raginarius in the near-contemporary Translatio Sancti Germani (de Smedt et al. 1883, 91-3; cf. Rowe 2012, 28-31). It is thus possible that the coastal regions referred to in the Annales Bertiniani were those of Flanders, and that the raiders were Reginheri and his followers. The evidence, however, is uncertain, and it is likely that the land of the Flemings is mentioned here simply as one of the many known viking targets.

Náði ‘succeeded’

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1. ná (verb): reach, get, manage

blár ‘blue’

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blár (adj.): black

[5] blár: so all others, ‘bl[…]’ 1824b

kennings

at ‘in’

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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

bíta ‘biting’

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bíta (verb; °bítr; beit, bitu; bitinn): bite

[5] bíta: so 6ˣ, R702ˣ, ‘vita’ 1824b, ‘byta’ LR, ‘bÿta’ R693ˣ

blóði ‘with blood’

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blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood

[6] blóði: so R702ˣ, LR, R693ˣ, ‘blod[...]’ 1824b, ‘Blod’ 6ˣ

smeltr ‘dripping’

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smeltr (adj./verb p.p.)

í ‘into’

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í (prep.): in, into

gyltan ‘the gilded’

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1. gylla (verb): gild

kennings

notes

[7] gyltan kufl Högna ‘the gilded cowl of Hǫgni <legendary hero> [ARMOUR]’: Many kennings for both helmets and mail-coats are formed from base-words for some sort of clothing and the names of legendary warriors as determinants (Meissner 164-5). In this case, it is difficult to decide whether the referent is ‘mail-coat’ or ‘helmet’, though Meissner 165 opts for the former. The Hǫgni in question here is probably one of the protagonists of the Hjaðningavíg ‘the battle of Heðinn’s followers’, a legend alluded to in several stanzas of Krm.

Högna ‘of Hǫgni’

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Hǫgni (noun m.): [Hǫgni, Högni]

kennings

notes

[7] gyltan kufl Högna ‘the gilded cowl of Hǫgni <legendary hero> [ARMOUR]’: Many kennings for both helmets and mail-coats are formed from base-words for some sort of clothing and the names of legendary warriors as determinants (Meissner 164-5). In this case, it is difficult to decide whether the referent is ‘mail-coat’ or ‘helmet’, though Meissner 165 opts for the former. The Hǫgni in question here is probably one of the protagonists of the Hjaðningavíg ‘the battle of Heðinn’s followers’, a legend alluded to in several stanzas of Krm.

kufl ‘cowl’

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kufl (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): °munkekutte (med hætte), kappe; (om munkekappe som symbol på munkeværdighed)

[7] kufl: so 6ˣ, R702ˣ, LR, ‘kylf’ 1824b, ‘kulf’ R693ˣ

kennings

notes

[7] gyltan kufl Högna ‘the gilded cowl of Hǫgni <legendary hero> [ARMOUR]’: Many kennings for both helmets and mail-coats are formed from base-words for some sort of clothing and the names of legendary warriors as determinants (Meissner 164-5). In this case, it is difficult to decide whether the referent is ‘mail-coat’ or ‘helmet’, though Meissner 165 opts for the former. The Hǫgni in question here is probably one of the protagonists of the Hjaðningavíg ‘the battle of Heðinn’s followers’, a legend alluded to in several stanzas of Krm.

at ‘in’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

hjaldri ‘the conflict’

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1. hjaldr (noun m.): battle

harðr ‘The tough’

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harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh

kennings

ben ‘wound’

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1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4°— “D”)): wound < bengrefill (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[8] bengrefill ‘the wound-digger [SWORD]’: The same kenning occurs in Egill Hfl 8/3^V (Eg 41), cf. de Vries (1964-7, II, 40 n. 68).

grefill ‘digger’

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grefill (noun m.): °hakke, spade < bengrefill (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[8] bengrefill ‘the wound-digger [SWORD]’: The same kenning occurs in Egill Hfl 8/3^V (Eg 41), cf. de Vries (1964-7, II, 40 n. 68).

forðum ‘long ago’

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forðum (adv.): formerly, once

[8] forðum: ‘fordum’ with r above u R702ˣ

notes

[8] forðum ‘long ago’: Finnur Jónsson (1893b) emends to ferðum ‘for men’ but this is unnecessary.

Mær ‘a maiden’

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mær (noun f.; °meyjar, dat. meyju; meyjar): maiden

grét ‘wept’

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2. gráta (verb): weep

notes

[9] grét morginskæru ‘wept early that morning’: It is assumed here that grét ‘wept’ is intransitive and morginskæru ‘morning’ is an acc. sg. used adverbially (so Kock NN §2275; cf. Sigv Austv 11/1^I Jór rinnr aptanskœru ‘[My] … steed runs … in the twilight’). The main alternative is to understand -skæru not as skæra f. ‘(light of) dawn (or evening)’ but as skœra f. ‘battle’ (see LP: skœra; cf. CVC: skæra, i.e. skœra, and skæra), and to take the cpd as object of grét, hence ‘wept over the morning-battle’ (so, e.g., Rafn 1826, 10, 11, 45, 115 and seemingly Wisén 1886-9, II, 102 and Finnur Jónsson 1893b). This avoids assuming an aðalhending (mær: skæru), which would be unusual in an odd line. Further options are to interpret grét as intransitive, with morginskæru as belonging adverbially with bíta ‘biting’ in l. 5 (so CPB) or to take grét as transitive, ‘bewailed, lamented’, with morginskæru as its object with the sense ‘dawn’ (so Skj B).

morgin ‘early’

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morginn (noun m.; °morgins, dat. morgni; morgnar): morning < morginskæra (noun f.)

notes

[9] grét morginskæru ‘wept early that morning’: It is assumed here that grét ‘wept’ is intransitive and morginskæru ‘morning’ is an acc. sg. used adverbially (so Kock NN §2275; cf. Sigv Austv 11/1^I Jór rinnr aptanskœru ‘[My] … steed runs … in the twilight’). The main alternative is to understand -skæru not as skæra f. ‘(light of) dawn (or evening)’ but as skœra f. ‘battle’ (see LP: skœra; cf. CVC: skæra, i.e. skœra, and skæra), and to take the cpd as object of grét, hence ‘wept over the morning-battle’ (so, e.g., Rafn 1826, 10, 11, 45, 115 and seemingly Wisén 1886-9, II, 102 and Finnur Jónsson 1893b). This avoids assuming an aðalhending (mær: skæru), which would be unusual in an odd line. Further options are to interpret grét as intransitive, with morginskæru as belonging adverbially with bíta ‘biting’ in l. 5 (so CPB) or to take grét as transitive, ‘bewailed, lamented’, with morginskæru as its object with the sense ‘dawn’ (so Skj B).

skæru ‘that morning’

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1. skæra (noun f.): dawn light, twilight < morginskæra (noun f.)

[9] ‑skæru (‘‑skeru’): so R702ˣ, ‘skarru’ 1824b, ‘skarru’ with ‘skeru’ in margin 6ˣ, ‘skaeru’ LR, R693ˣ

notes

[9] grét morginskæru ‘wept early that morning’: It is assumed here that grét ‘wept’ is intransitive and morginskæru ‘morning’ is an acc. sg. used adverbially (so Kock NN §2275; cf. Sigv Austv 11/1^I Jór rinnr aptanskœru ‘[My] … steed runs … in the twilight’). The main alternative is to understand -skæru not as skæra f. ‘(light of) dawn (or evening)’ but as skœra f. ‘battle’ (see LP: skœra; cf. CVC: skæra, i.e. skœra, and skæra), and to take the cpd as object of grét, hence ‘wept over the morning-battle’ (so, e.g., Rafn 1826, 10, 11, 45, 115 and seemingly Wisén 1886-9, II, 102 and Finnur Jónsson 1893b). This avoids assuming an aðalhending (mær: skæru), which would be unusual in an odd line. Further options are to interpret grét as intransitive, with morginskæru as belonging adverbially with bíta ‘biting’ in l. 5 (so CPB) or to take grét as transitive, ‘bewailed, lamented’, with morginskæru as its object with the sense ‘dawn’ (so Skj B).

mörg ‘Many’

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2. margr (adj.; °-an): many

þá ‘when’

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2. þá (adv.): then

[10] þá er tafn fekkz: ‘þa er tafn fekst’ with ‘en tafn gafst v. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, en tafn fekkz R702ˣ, ‘en tafn gafst’ LR, ‘enn tafn gafst’ R693ˣ

er ‘’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[10] þá er tafn fekkz: ‘þa er tafn fekst’ with ‘en tafn gafst v. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, en tafn fekkz R702ˣ, ‘en tafn gafst’ LR, ‘enn tafn gafst’ R693ˣ

tafn ‘prey’

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tafn (noun n.; °-s; *-): carrion

[10] þá er tafn fekkz: ‘þa er tafn fekst’ with ‘en tafn gafst v. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, en tafn fekkz R702ˣ, ‘en tafn gafst’ LR, ‘enn tafn gafst’ R693ˣ

fekkz ‘was obtained’

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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

[10] þá er tafn fekkz: ‘þa er tafn fekst’ with ‘en tafn gafst v. W.’ in margin 6ˣ, en tafn fekkz R702ˣ, ‘en tafn gafst’ LR, ‘enn tafn gafst’ R693ˣ

vörgum ‘for wolves’

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vargr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): wolf