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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Mark Frag 1^III

Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Markús Skeggjason, Fragments 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 293.

Markús Skeggjason Fragments

Gramr ‘The ruler’

(not checked:)
1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

kennings

Gramr glyggranns
‘The ruler of the storm-house ’
= God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

notes

[1, 2] gramr glyggranns ‘the ruler of the storm-house [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]’: In the prose of LaufE X, which does not cite the helmingr, this is given as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see LaufE 1979, 285 and Note to l. 4 below).

skóp ‘created’

(not checked:)
2. skapa (verb): form

grund ‘the earth’

(not checked:)
grund (noun f.): earth, land

ok ‘and’

(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

himna ‘the heavens’

(not checked:)
himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky

glygg ‘of the storm’

(not checked:)
glygg (noun n.; °-s; -): storm < glyggrann (noun n.): storm-house

kennings

Gramr glyggranns
‘The ruler of the storm-house ’
= God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

notes

[1, 2] gramr glyggranns ‘the ruler of the storm-house [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]’: In the prose of LaufE X, which does not cite the helmingr, this is given as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see LaufE 1979, 285 and Note to l. 4 below).

glygg ‘of the storm’

(not checked:)
glygg (noun n.; °-s; -): storm < glyggrann (noun n.): storm-house

kennings

Gramr glyggranns
‘The ruler of the storm-house ’
= God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

notes

[1, 2] gramr glyggranns ‘the ruler of the storm-house [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]’: In the prose of LaufE X, which does not cite the helmingr, this is given as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see LaufE 1979, 285 and Note to l. 4 below).

ranns ‘house’

(not checked:)
rann (noun n.): house, hall < glyggrann (noun n.): storm-house

kennings

Gramr glyggranns
‘The ruler of the storm-house ’
= God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

notes

[1, 2] gramr glyggranns ‘the ruler of the storm-house [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]’: In the prose of LaufE X, which does not cite the helmingr, this is given as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see LaufE 1979, 285 and Note to l. 4 below).

ranns ‘house’

(not checked:)
rann (noun n.): house, hall < glyggrann (noun n.): storm-house

kennings

Gramr glyggranns
‘The ruler of the storm-house ’
= God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

notes

[1, 2] gramr glyggranns ‘the ruler of the storm-house [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]’: In the prose of LaufE X, which does not cite the helmingr, this is given as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see LaufE 1979, 285 and Note to l. 4 below).

sem ‘as well as’

(not checked:)
sem (conj.): as, which

her ‘men’

(not checked:)
herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

dyggvan ‘faithful’

(not checked:)
dyggr (adj.; °dyggvan/dyggan; compar. -vari/-ari/-ri, superl. -vastr/-astr/-str): trustworthy

[2] dyggvan: so all others, dyggjan R

notes

[2] dyggvan ‘faithful’: So Tˣ, W, U, A. The R reading, dyggjan, is also possible but requires that the adj. is inflected as a ja-stem rather than as a wa-stem (cf. ANG §430 Anm. 4).

einn ‘the one’

(not checked:)
2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone

kennings

einn stillir aldar,
‘the one controller of people, ’
= God
the one controller of people, → God

stillir ‘controller’

(not checked:)
stillir (noun m.): ruler

kennings

einn stillir aldar,
‘the one controller of people, ’
= God
the one controller of people, → God

má ‘can’

(not checked:)
mega (verb): may, might

ǫllu ‘everything’

(not checked:)
allr (adj.): all

aldar ‘of people’

(not checked:)
ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

kennings

einn stillir aldar,
‘the one controller of people, ’
= God
the one controller of people, → God

notes

[4] aldar ... Kristr ‘of people ... Christ’: In LaufE X (and in RE 1665), Kristr aldar ‘Christ of people’ is construed as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see Note to ll. 1, 2 above).

Kristr ‘Christ’

(not checked:)
Kristr (noun m.; °-s/-, dat. -i; -ar): Christ

notes

[4] aldar ... Kristr ‘of people ... Christ’: In LaufE X (and in RE 1665), Kristr aldar ‘Christ of people’ is construed as a kenning for ‘Christ’ (see Note to ll. 1, 2 above).

of ‘’

(not checked:)
4. of (particle): (before verb)

valda ‘govern’

(not checked:)
valda (verb): cause

Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

The half-stanza is cited in Skm to illustrate such Christ-kennings as konungr himna ‘king of the heavens’.

[3]: The line echoes Sigv Berv 7/3^II.

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