Jór Send 2^I

Haralds ‘’

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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr

Harald ‘Haraldr’

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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr

[1] Harald: Haralds 61(76ra)

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4.

frák ‘I have learned’

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1. fregna (verb): hear of

Half ‘Hálf’

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halfr (adj.): half < Halfdan (noun m.): Hálfdan

verja ‘’

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3. verja (verb): defend

dan ‘dan’

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Danr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): Dane < Halfdan (noun m.): Hálfdan

braug ‘’

hreystibrǫgð ‘’

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hreystibragð (noun n.)

spyrja ‘heard about’

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spyrja (verb; spurði): ask; hear, find out

[1] spyrja: verja 68

er ‘’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’

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herðibragð (noun n.): [tough deeds]

[2] herðibrǫgð: ‘herði braug’ Holm2, herði brǫgð 972ˣ, hreystibrǫgð Flat

notes

[2] herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’: A hap. leg. Compounds in herði- occur mainly, though not exclusively, in late poetry, cf. Bjbp Jóms 8/7 (í) herðiraunum ‘(in) tough trials’. The reference is presumably to Halfdán’s attempted murder of his brother Eiríkr at Sǫlvi (see Introduction).

sǫgðusk ‘’

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segja (verb): say, tell

lǫgðusk ‘’

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leggja (verb): put, lay

lǫgðisk ‘’

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leggja (verb): put, lay

en ‘and’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

[2] en: er Flat

lǫgðis ‘of the sword’

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lǫgðir (noun m.): sword

[2] lǫgðis: so F, Holm2, 73aˣ, 68, 61(76ra), Bb(120va), Tóm, 61(2vb), 53, lǫgðisk Kˣ, 78aˣ, lǫgðusk 972ˣ, 325VI, Bb(3rb), sǫgðusk Flat

kennings

sýnisk ‘seems’

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sýna (verb): show, seem

lættr ‘’

leiðr ‘’

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2. leiðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): hateful, loathsome < svartleiðr (adj.)

leikr ‘’

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2. leikr (adj.): °læg (person), ulærd

svart ‘dark’

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svartr (adj.): black < svartleitr (adj.)svartr (adj.): black < svartleiðr (adj.)svartr (adj.): black

notes

[3] svartleitr ‘dark-faced’: The only other occurrence of this adj. is in Hjþ Lv 1/3^VIII, where it is applied to a person, though compare svartflekkóttr ‘black-flecked’ applied to a poem in Anon Mhkv 22/8^III. The reference is presumably to the content of the poetry (bragr), though LP: svartleitr suggests difficulty of understanding.

raunar ‘’

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raun (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): ordeal, proof, experience

leitr ‘faced’

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-leitr (adj.): -looking < svartleitr (adj.)

[3] ‑leitr: ‑leikr J1ˣ, ‘‑lættr’ 73aˣ, ‑leiðr Bb(3rb)

notes

[3] svartleitr ‘dark-faced’: The only other occurrence of this adj. is in Hjþ Lv 1/3^VIII, where it is applied to a person, though compare svartflekkóttr ‘black-flecked’ applied to a poem in Anon Mhkv 22/8^III. The reference is presumably to the content of the poetry (bragr), though LP: svartleitr suggests difficulty of understanding.

reyni ‘to the tester’

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2. reynir (noun m.): tester

[3] reyni: raunar 972ˣ, 78aˣ, 53, Bb(3rb)

kennings

sjá ‘that’

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1. sjá (pron.; °gen. þessa dat. þessum/þeima, acc. þenna; f. sjá/þessi; n. þetta, dat. þessu/þvísa; pl. þessir): this

notes

[4] sjá bragr ‘that poem’: Kreutzer (1972, 92, and cf. Fms 12) suggests rather ‘behaviour, actions’, citing ModIcel. bragur and ModNorw. brag, but this meaning is not recorded in ONP: bragr. It is preferable to take bragr as referring back to spyrja (here) ‘heard’; a poem by Guthormr on Hálfdan could well have been the means by which Haraldr heard about his actions. The art. sjá, strictly ‘this’ rather than ‘that’, could point to Jórunn’s own poem, but in context this is less likely.

ins ‘’

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2. inn (art.): the

bragr ‘poem’

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bragr (noun m.; °-ar): poem, poetry

notes

[4] sjá bragr ‘that poem’: Kreutzer (1972, 92, and cf. Fms 12) suggests rather ‘behaviour, actions’, citing ModIcel. bragur and ModNorw. brag, but this meaning is not recorded in ONP: bragr. It is preferable to take bragr as referring back to spyrja (here) ‘heard’; a poem by Guthormr on Hálfdan could well have been the means by which Haraldr heard about his actions. The art. sjá, strictly ‘this’ rather than ‘that’, could point to Jórunn’s own poem, but in context this is less likely.

inn ‘inn’

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2. inn (art.): the

[4] inn: ins 61(76ra), Tóm, 53, Flat

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4.

fagri ‘’

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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired

hár ‘hair’)’

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2. hár (noun n.; °-s; -): hair < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired2. hár (noun n.; °-s; -): hair < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4. — [4] inn hárfagra ‘inn hárfagri (“Fair-hair”)’: Lit. ‘the Fair-hair(ed)’. The antiquity of this nickname as applied to Norway’s founding king is debatable (Jesch 1996, 139-44). For traditions relating to it, see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

hár ‘hair’)’

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2. hár (noun n.; °-s; -): hair < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired2. hár (noun n.; °-s; -): hair < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4. — [4] inn hárfagra ‘inn hárfagri (“Fair-hair”)’: Lit. ‘the Fair-hair(ed)’. The antiquity of this nickname as applied to Norway’s founding king is debatable (Jesch 1996, 139-44). For traditions relating to it, see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

fagra ‘hárfagri (‘Fair’

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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired

[4] ‑fagra: ‑fagri F, 68, Bb(120va), Bb(3rb)

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4. — [4] inn hárfagra ‘inn hárfagri (“Fair-hair”)’: Lit. ‘the Fair-hair(ed)’. The antiquity of this nickname as applied to Norway’s founding king is debatable (Jesch 1996, 139-44). For traditions relating to it, see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

fagra ‘hárfagri (‘Fair’

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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful < hárfagr (adj.): fine-haired

[4] ‑fagra: ‑fagri F, 68, Bb(120va), Bb(3rb)

notes

[1, 4] Harald inn hárfagra ‘Haraldr inn hárfagri “Fair-hair”’: Earlier eds (Fms 12; Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B; Skald) read Haralds ins hárfagra, making it the deeds of King Haraldr that are heard about by Hálfdan, and Hálfdan who finds the poem svartleitr ‘dark-faced’. However, since the variant Haralds is found in only one, inferior, medieval ms. (61), it seems best to construe the text as it stands, if possible. This involves taking Halfdan as a vocative, with the poet stating to him that his father Haraldr had heard of his herðibrǫgð ‘tough deeds’. This solution is adopted with caution for, while there are a number of examples of a construction of acc. + frák ‘I have learned’ + inf., in that order (Sigv ErfÓl 7/1, 18/1, HSt Rst 28/1, ÞGísl Búdr 8/1, RvHbreiðm Hl 39/1^III), in none of these does a vocative interrupt the syntax. Vocatives are also more common at the beginning of the line (e.g. Sigv Víkv 11/1, Arn Hryn 12/1^II, Valg Har 7/1^II), though there are parallels to this medial positioning, e.g. Bragi Rdr 1/1^III, ÞjóðA Magnfl 1/1^II, ESk Geisl 71/1^VII. Moreover, a vocative, suggesting contemporaneity, does not sit comfortably with other indications that the poem may be a later composition. On the nickname hárfagri, see Note to l. 4. — [4] inn hárfagra ‘inn hárfagri (“Fair-hair”)’: Lit. ‘the Fair-hair(ed)’. The antiquity of this nickname as applied to Norway’s founding king is debatable (Jesch 1996, 139-44). For traditions relating to it, see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.