Hfr ErfÓl 7^I

verðum ‘’

(not checked:)
1. verða (verb): become, be

Varð ‘became’

(not checked:)
1. verða (verb): become, be

[1] Varð of (‘Varð um’): verðum Flat

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B).

of ‘around’

(not checked:)
3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[1] Varð of (‘Varð um’): verðum Flat

Vinða ‘of Wends’

(not checked:)
Vinðr (noun m.; °; vinðr/-ir): the Wends

kennings

notes

[1] myrði Vinða ‘the murderer of Wends [?= Óláfr]’: This kenning is ambiguous in its reference (compare Ohlmarks 1958, 446 with von See 1977a, 116). (a) ÓT’s prose suggests the referent here is Óláfr, and we do see him harrying the Wends in Hfr Óldr 1/5-8. According to ÓTOdd (ÍF 25, 312, 367) and, to a lesser degree, Fsk (ÍF 29, 147), the Wends supported Óláfr at Svǫlðr, which does not confirm a view of Óláfr as ‘the murderer of the Wends’, but the other early prose sources, Ágr and HN, speak only of Óláfr making unsuccessful attempts to raise Wendish or Slavic troops. Possibly this and similar skaldic allusions to hostility to the Wends are rather generic, referring to raiding of Slav territories on the Baltic, perhaps around the mouth of the Oder (see Morawiec 2006). (b) The kenning may denote Eiríkr jarl, since the same kenning is used of his father Hákon jarl in Eskál Vell 23/1. It also occurs in relation to Svǫlðr in Hókr Eirfl 6/7, where the referent is probably Óláfr but could be Eiríkr, and it is applied to the Danish king Haraldr blátǫnn ‘Blue-tooth’ in Anon (ÓTHkr) 1/3. However, it is unusual for Óláfr’s enemies to be the focus of the stanza; e.g. in st. 17 Eiríkr is referred to, but only in tandem with Óláfr.

myrði ‘murderer’

(not checked:)
myrðir (noun m.): killer

kennings

notes

[1] myrði Vinða ‘the murderer of Wends [?= Óláfr]’: This kenning is ambiguous in its reference (compare Ohlmarks 1958, 446 with von See 1977a, 116). (a) ÓT’s prose suggests the referent here is Óláfr, and we do see him harrying the Wends in Hfr Óldr 1/5-8. According to ÓTOdd (ÍF 25, 312, 367) and, to a lesser degree, Fsk (ÍF 29, 147), the Wends supported Óláfr at Svǫlðr, which does not confirm a view of Óláfr as ‘the murderer of the Wends’, but the other early prose sources, Ágr and HN, speak only of Óláfr making unsuccessful attempts to raise Wendish or Slavic troops. Possibly this and similar skaldic allusions to hostility to the Wends are rather generic, referring to raiding of Slav territories on the Baltic, perhaps around the mouth of the Oder (see Morawiec 2006). (b) The kenning may denote Eiríkr jarl, since the same kenning is used of his father Hákon jarl in Eskál Vell 23/1. It also occurs in relation to Svǫlðr in Hókr Eirfl 6/7, where the referent is probably Óláfr but could be Eiríkr, and it is applied to the Danish king Haraldr blátǫnn ‘Blue-tooth’ in Anon (ÓTHkr) 1/3. However, it is unusual for Óláfr’s enemies to be the focus of the stanza; e.g. in st. 17 Eiríkr is referred to, but only in tandem with Óláfr.

vigg ‘’

(not checked:)
viggr (noun m.): horse < viggskýrr (adj.)

víg ‘of the war’

(not checked:)
víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígský (noun n.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígskýrr (adj.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

[2] víg‑: vigg 53

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

víg ‘of the war’

(not checked:)
víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígský (noun n.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígskýrr (adj.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

[2] víg‑: vigg 53

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

víg ‘of the war’

(not checked:)
víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígský (noun n.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígskýrr (adj.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

[2] víg‑: vigg 53

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

víg ‘of the war’

(not checked:)
víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígský (noun n.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígskýrr (adj.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

[2] víg‑: vigg 53

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

styrr ‘’

(not checked:)
styrr (noun m.; °dat. -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

styrs ‘’

(not checked:)
styrr (noun m.; °dat. -): battle < vígstyrr (noun m.)

skýrs ‘’

(not checked:)
skýrr (adj.): clear < viggskýrr (adj.)skýrr (adj.): clear < vígskýrr (adj.)

ský*s ‘cloud’

(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < vígský (noun n.)

[2] ‑ský*s: ‑styrs 54, ‑styrr Bb, skýrs 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

ský*s ‘cloud’

(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < vígský (noun n.)

[2] ‑ský*s: ‑styrs 54, ‑styrr Bb, skýrs 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

ský*s ‘cloud’

(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < vígský (noun n.)

[2] ‑ský*s: ‑styrs 54, ‑styrr Bb, skýrs 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

ský*s ‘cloud’

(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < vígský (noun n.)

[2] ‑ský*s: ‑styrs 54, ‑styrr Bb, skýrs 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B). — [2] vígský*s ‘of the war-cloud [SHIELD]’: (a) This minor emendation provides aðalhending and a conventional kenning, and is accepted by most previous eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson retained vígstyrs in SHI 2 but preferred vígskýs in LP (1860): vígský). (b) Vígstyrs (so 54) does not give aðalhending and produces an implausibly tautologous kenning, rymr vígstyrs ‘roaring of war-battle’.

en ‘and’

(not checked:)
2. en (conj.): but, and

þat ‘that’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

lusek ‘’

lýsik ‘I proclaim’

(not checked:)
2. lýsa (verb): illuminate, show

[2] lýsik: ‘lusek’ Bb

ramr ‘mighty’

(not checked:)
rammr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): mighty

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B).

und ‘under’

(not checked:)
3. und (prep.): under, underneath

randa ‘’

(not checked:)
rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim

randar ‘of the rim’

(not checked:)
rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim

[3] randar: randa 54, Bb

kennings

notes

[3] randar ‘of the rim’: The variant randa ‘of the rims’ (so 54, Bb) is also possible; see Meissner 39-40.

himni ‘the heaven’

(not checked:)
himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky

kennings

rymr ‘Roaring’

(not checked:)
rymr (noun m.): roar

kennings

notes

[1, 3, 4] rymr vígský*s varð ramr ‘roaring of the war-cloud [SHIELD > BATTLE] became mighty’: Alternatively, the adj. ramr could be attributive, hence ‘a mighty battle came about’ (so Skj B).

knôttu ‘’

(not checked:)
knega (verb): to know, understand, be able to

notes

[4] knôttu glymja ‘resounded’: The verb knôttu (inf. kná) can have the full sense ‘were able’, but here appears to be merely an auxiliary.

spjǫrr ‘’

(not checked:)
spjǫrr (noun f.; °; dat. -um): °strimmel, (hose)bånd, vikler; klæde, tøj, las

spjǫr ‘spears’

(not checked:)
spjǫr (noun n.): spear

[4] spjǫr: spjǫrr Flat

glymja ‘resounded’

(not checked:)
glymja (verb): resound

Hirðir ‘guardian’

(not checked:)
hirðir (noun m.; °hirðis/hirðirs, dat. & acc. hirði; hirðar/hirðir): guardian, keeper, pastor

[5] Hirðir: hirðar all

kennings

notes

[5] hirðir ‘guardian’: Corruption in all mss of an original hirðir (m. nom. sg.) to hirðar (nom. pl. of hirðir m., or gen. sg. of hirð f. ‘household troop’) is puzzling, but as the helmingr stands in the mss the sg. verb stózk við ‘withstood’ lacks a sg. subject and the adj. varghollr (m. nom. sg.) ‘wolf-gracious’ a noun. The emendation seems to have been first proposed by Guðbrandur Vigfússon and Möbius (1860, 208), and it is adopted by all subsequent eds (Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s attempt to retain hirðar in SHI 2 is unconvincing and he retreats from it in LP (1860): hirðir). A nom. subject must otherwise be sought (unconventionally) in the previous helmingr, or varghollr taken as a substantive. But further syntactical problems follow in the train of both these solutions (cf. SHI), and the emendation seems unavoidable.

stózk ‘withstood’

(not checked:)
standa (verb): stand

vit ‘’

(not checked:)
2. vit (pron.): we two

við ‘by’

(not checked:)
2. við (prep.): with, against

[5] við: vit Flat

harðan ‘the hard’

(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh

kennings

hinn ‘’

(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the

hnit ‘clash’

(not checked:)
hnit (noun n.): [clash] < hnitveggr (noun m.)

[6] hnit‑: so 53, Flat, hinn 54, Bb

kennings

vegg ‘wall’

(not checked:)
1. veggr (noun m.; °-jar/-s(Páll²A 257³³), dat. -/-i(kun defin.); -ir): wall < hnitveggr (noun m.)

kennings

en ‘’

(not checked:)
4. en (conj.): than

með ‘with’

(not checked:)
með (prep.): with

[6] með: so 53, Flat, en 54, Bb

fjǫl ‘a multitude’

(not checked:)
fjǫlð (noun f.): multitude

notes

[6] fjǫl ‘a multitude’: This n. form (LP: 2. fjǫl), rather than the synonymous long-stemmed fjǫlð f. (‘fiold’) which appears in the mss, is required to avoid breach of Craigie’s Law (on which, see Gade 1995a, 29-30). Its adoption constitutes a normalisation on metrical grounds rather than an emendation; for a further instance see Eskál Vell 19/2.

seggja ‘of men’

(not checked:)
seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man

víðis ‘of the ocean’

(not checked:)
víðir (noun m.): ocean

kennings

víðis ‘of the ocean’

(not checked:)
víðir (noun m.): ocean

kennings

valti ‘’

vælti ‘’

velti ‘of the rolling’

(not checked:)
2. velta (verb): wander (strong) < veltireið (noun f.)2. velta (verb): wander (strong) < veltireyðr (noun f.): rolling-rorqual

[7] velti‑: so 53, Flat, ‘vællte’ 54, ‘vallte’ Bb

kennings

notes

[7] veltireiðar ‘of the rolling wagon’: Reiðar ‘of the wagon’ seems to underlie the ms. readings ‘reydar’ and meiðar. Veltimeiðar ‘of the rolling tree’ in 53 and Flat is possible, as words meaning ‘tree’ are common as base-words of ship-kennings, but the verbal epithet velti- ‘rolling’ makes more sense with reið ‘wagon’ than with meið- ‘tree’. This is especially so in light of the tendency for such epithets to reinforce the literal sense of the base-word, rather than correcting it as the determinant does (see the examples in Meissner 56-8).

velti ‘of the rolling’

(not checked:)
2. velta (verb): wander (strong) < veltireið (noun f.)2. velta (verb): wander (strong) < veltireyðr (noun f.): rolling-rorqual

[7] velti‑: so 53, Flat, ‘vællte’ 54, ‘vallte’ Bb

kennings

notes

[7] veltireiðar ‘of the rolling wagon’: Reiðar ‘of the wagon’ seems to underlie the ms. readings ‘reydar’ and meiðar. Veltimeiðar ‘of the rolling tree’ in 53 and Flat is possible, as words meaning ‘tree’ are common as base-words of ship-kennings, but the verbal epithet velti- ‘rolling’ makes more sense with reið ‘wagon’ than with meið- ‘tree’. This is especially so in light of the tendency for such epithets to reinforce the literal sense of the base-word, rather than correcting it as the determinant does (see the examples in Meissner 56-8).

reyðar ‘’

(not checked:)
reyðr (noun f.; °; -ar): whale, rorqualreyðr (noun f.; °; -ar): whale, rorqual < veltireyðr (noun f.): rolling-rorqualreyðr (noun f.; °; -ar): whale, rorqual

meiðar ‘’

(not checked:)
meiðr (noun m.): beam, tree

reiðar ‘wagon’

(not checked:)
1. reið (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar): riding; chariot < veltireið (noun f.)

[7] ‑reiðar: ‘reydar’ 54, Bb, meiðar 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[7] veltireiðar ‘of the rolling wagon’: Reiðar ‘of the wagon’ seems to underlie the ms. readings ‘reydar’ and meiðar. Veltimeiðar ‘of the rolling tree’ in 53 and Flat is possible, as words meaning ‘tree’ are common as base-words of ship-kennings, but the verbal epithet velti- ‘rolling’ makes more sense with reið ‘wagon’ than with meið- ‘tree’. This is especially so in light of the tendency for such epithets to reinforce the literal sense of the base-word, rather than correcting it as the determinant does (see the examples in Meissner 56-8).

reiðar ‘wagon’

(not checked:)
1. reið (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar): riding; chariot < veltireið (noun f.)

[7] ‑reiðar: ‘reydar’ 54, Bb, meiðar 53, Flat

kennings

notes

[7] veltireiðar ‘of the rolling wagon’: Reiðar ‘of the wagon’ seems to underlie the ms. readings ‘reydar’ and meiðar. Veltimeiðar ‘of the rolling tree’ in 53 and Flat is possible, as words meaning ‘tree’ are common as base-words of ship-kennings, but the verbal epithet velti- ‘rolling’ makes more sense with reið ‘wagon’ than with meið- ‘tree’. This is especially so in light of the tendency for such epithets to reinforce the literal sense of the base-word, rather than correcting it as the determinant does (see the examples in Meissner 56-8).

varghollr ‘The wolf-gracious’

(not checked:)
varghollr (adj.): wolf-gracious

kennings

þrimu ‘an onslaught’

(not checked:)
þrima (noun f.): battle, din

marga ‘many’

(not checked:)
2. margr (adj.; °-an): many