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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Hfr ErfÓl 13^I

Kate Heslop (ed.) 2012, ‘Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson, Erfidrápa Óláfs Tryggvasonar 13’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 419.

Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson Erfidrápa Óláfs Tryggvasonar

Hverr ‘Every’

(not checked:)
2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every

vas ‘was’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

hræddr ‘afraid’

(not checked:)
1. hræddr (adj.): afraid

við ‘of’

(not checked:)
2. við (prep.): with, against

ǫrvan ‘the swift’

(not checked:)
ǫrr (adj.): generous, brave

kennings

ǫrvan, hugdyggvan son Tryggva;
‘the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; ’
= Óláfr
the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; → Óláfr

hug ‘stead’

(not checked:)
hugr (noun m.): mind, thought, courage < hugdyggr (adj.): steadfast

kennings

ǫrvan, hugdyggvan son Tryggva;
‘the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; ’
= Óláfr
the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; → Óláfr

dyggvan ‘fast’

(not checked:)
dyggr (adj.; °dyggvan/dyggan; compar. -vari/-ari/-ri, superl. -vastr/-astr/-str): trustworthy < hugdyggr (adj.): steadfast

kennings

ǫrvan, hugdyggvan son Tryggva;
‘the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; ’
= Óláfr
the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; → Óláfr

son ‘son’

(not checked:)
sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son

kennings

ǫrvan, hugdyggvan son Tryggva;
‘the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; ’
= Óláfr
the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; → Óláfr

Tryggva ‘of Tryggvi’

(not checked:)
Tryggvi (noun m.): Tryggvi

kennings

ǫrvan, hugdyggvan son Tryggva;
‘the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; ’
= Óláfr
the swift, steadfast son of Tryggvi; → Óláfr

óðusk ‘felt dread’

(not checked:)
vaða (verb): advance, wade

malm ‘of the metal’

(not checked:)
malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal < malmþing (noun n.): weapon-assembly

kennings

meiðar malmþings
‘poles of the metal meeting ’
= WARRIORS
the metal meeting → BATTLE
poles of the BATTLE → WARRIORS

malm ‘of the metal’

(not checked:)
malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal < malmþing (noun n.): weapon-assembly

kennings

meiðar malmþings
‘poles of the metal meeting ’
= WARRIORS
the metal meeting → BATTLE
poles of the BATTLE → WARRIORS

þings ‘meeting’

(not checked:)
þing (noun n.; °-s; -): meeting, assembly < malmþing (noun n.): weapon-assembly

kennings

meiðar malmþings
‘poles of the metal meeting ’
= WARRIORS
the metal meeting → BATTLE
poles of the BATTLE → WARRIORS

þings ‘meeting’

(not checked:)
þing (noun n.; °-s; -): meeting, assembly < malmþing (noun n.): weapon-assembly

kennings

meiðar malmþings
‘poles of the metal meeting ’
= WARRIORS
the metal meeting → BATTLE
poles of the BATTLE → WARRIORS

meiðar ‘poles’

(not checked:)
meiðr (noun m.): beam, tree

kennings

meiðar malmþings
‘poles of the metal meeting ’
= WARRIORS
the metal meeting → BATTLE
poles of the BATTLE → WARRIORS

maðr ‘man’

(not checked:)
maðr (noun m.): man, person

und ‘under’

(not checked:)
3. und (prep.): under, underneath

sólar ‘of the sun’

(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun

kennings

jaðri sólar
‘the borderland of the sun ’
= SKY
the borderland of the sun → SKY

notes

[4] jaðri sólar ‘the borderland of the sun [SKY]’: An unusual sky-kenning. Among the many involving a determinant meaning ‘sun’ combined with a base-word meaning ‘ground’, ‘road’, ‘hall’, or ‘seat’, there are no parallels for jaðarr ‘border, rim’ in the latter role. However, the existence of Jaðarr (Jæren) as the name of a coastal district in south-west Norway would encourage taking jaðarr here as equivalent to ‘land’ (as LP: jaðarr 1 and Meissner 106 do) and translating ‘borderland’ (more strictly ‘territory at the edge’). Ohlmarks (1958, 450) suggests the kenning refers to the time of day when the sun is just above the horizon.

jaðri ‘the borderland’

(not checked:)
jaðarr (noun m.; °-s, dat. jaðri; jaðrar): edge, border

kennings

jaðri sólar
‘the borderland of the sun ’
= SKY
the borderland of the sun → SKY

notes

[4] jaðri sólar ‘the borderland of the sun [SKY]’: An unusual sky-kenning. Among the many involving a determinant meaning ‘sun’ combined with a base-word meaning ‘ground’, ‘road’, ‘hall’, or ‘seat’, there are no parallels for jaðarr ‘border, rim’ in the latter role. However, the existence of Jaðarr (Jæren) as the name of a coastal district in south-west Norway would encourage taking jaðarr here as equivalent to ‘land’ (as LP: jaðarr 1 and Meissner 106 do) and translating ‘borderland’ (more strictly ‘territory at the edge’). Ohlmarks (1958, 450) suggests the kenning refers to the time of day when the sun is just above the horizon.

Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

The battle continues; Óláfr is a prominent and terrifying presence.

[2]: The aðalhending on Óláfr’s patronym Tryggva is also found in sts 20/4, 23/8 and 28/4, and the line itself is taken up with slight variation in HSt Rst 34/2.

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