Hallv Knútdr 3^III

Knútr ‘Knútr’

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Knútr (noun m.): Knútr

lézt ‘you caused’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

framm ‘forward’

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fram (adv.): out, forth, forwards, away

til ‘to’

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til (prep.): to

Fljóta ‘Fljót’

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1. fljótr (noun m.): [Fljót]

notes

[1] Fljóta ‘Fljót’: For discussion of this place-name, which is pl. in form, see Townend (1998, 77-9), where it is suggested that it may be an Old Norse name for the River Humber. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC, s. a. 1016, recte 1015) records that when Knútr launched his attack on England in 1015 his fleet touched land at Sandwich in Kent, before heading west along the south coast. However, when Knútr’s father Sveinn Haraldsson launched his earlier attack in 1013 (in the company of his son), the Chronicle (ASC, s. a. 1013) records that Sveinn and Knútr took their ship-based army into the mouth of the Humber, and then up the River Trent to Gainsborough, at which point command of the fleet was placed in Knútr’s hands. If one takes Fljót to refer to the Humber (or indeed if it is simply a common pl. noun ‘rivers’, referring to the Humber and Trent), then these opening stanzas of Hallvarðr’s poem may just as well refer to the attack of 1013 as to that of 1015.

frægr ‘the famous’

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frægr (adj.; °-jan/-an; compar. -ri, superl. -jastr/-astr/-str): famous, renowned

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leið ‘glided’

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1. líða (verb): move, glide

vǫrðr ‘guardian’

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vǫrðr (noun m.; °varðar, dat. verði/vǫrð; verðir, acc. vǫrðu): guardian, defender

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of ‘across’

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3. of (prep.): around, from; too

ægi ‘the sea’

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2. ægir (noun m.): ocean, sea

heiptsnarr ‘battle-bold’

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heiftsnarr (adj.): [battle-bold]

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notes

[3] heiptsnarr ‘battle-bold’: As Kock (NN §782) observes, it seems preferable to take heiptsnarr as belonging with the intercalary clause of ll. 2-3, rather than with the main clause of ll. 1 and 4 (as Skj B does).

hildar ‘of battle’

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1. hildr (noun f.): battle

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hildar ‘of battle’

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1. hildr (noun f.): battle

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leiptra ‘of the lightnings’

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2. leiptr (noun f.): lightning

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leiptra ‘of the lightnings’

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2. leiptr (noun f.): lightning

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harðbrynjuð ‘your hard-armoured’

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harðbrynjaðr (adj.): hard-armoured

notes

[4] harðbrynjuð skip ‘hard-armoured ships’: The cpd harðbrynjaðr occurs only here and in Ótt Knútdr 1/6^I, where it also describes Knútr’s ships. On account of the likely dates of composition for their Knútsdrápur, it is more likely that Hallvarðr is borrowing from Óttarr than vice versa. See further Jesch (2001a, 157-9), who suggests that the armour concerned is shields along the sides of the ship.

skip ‘ships’

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skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship

notes

[4] harðbrynjuð skip ‘hard-armoured ships’: The cpd harðbrynjaðr occurs only here and in Ótt Knútdr 1/6^I, where it also describes Knútr’s ships. On account of the likely dates of composition for their Knútsdrápur, it is more likely that Hallvarðr is borrowing from Óttarr than vice versa. See further Jesch (2001a, 157-9), who suggests that the armour concerned is shields along the sides of the ship.

dynja ‘to rush’

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dynja (verb; °dunði): resound

Ullar ‘of Ullr’s’

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Ullr (noun m.): Ullr

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notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

Ullar ‘of Ullr’s’

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Ullr (noun m.): Ullr

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notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

lézt ‘you had’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

við ‘in’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

Ellu ‘of Ælla’

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Ella (noun m.): Ella, Ælla, Ælle

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notes

[5] Ellu ‘of Ælla’: The allusion is probably to King Ælla of Northumbria, killed by Ívarr inn beinlausi ‘the Boneless’ during the conquest of York in 867. In skaldic verse Ælla seems to become a representative of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy (see further Townend 1997 and Kries 2003).

ættleifð ‘the patrimony’

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ættleifð (noun f.): patrimony

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ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

mô ‘the gull’

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már (noun m.): gull

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reifðir ‘you gladdened’

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1. reifa (verb): endow, enrich

sverð ‘of the sword’

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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðman (noun n.)

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notes

[7] sverðmans ‘of the sword-girl [VALKYRIE]’: In eds where emendation is made to Ullr sundviggs, and hence the ms. reading snyrti-Gerðar is preserved (see Note to ll. 5-8 above), the reading sverðmanns ‘of the sword-man’ must be preferred, giving the kenning mô snyrti-Gerðar sverðmanns ‘the gull of the splendid Gerðr of the sword-man [WARRIOR > VALKYRIE > RAVEN]’. However, it is debatable whether sverðmaðr is an acceptable warrior-kenning and, at any rate, the emendation Ullar > Ullr results in an unmetrical line (see Note to ll. 5-8 above).

sverð ‘of the sword’

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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðman (noun n.)

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notes

[7] sverðmans ‘of the sword-girl [VALKYRIE]’: In eds where emendation is made to Ullr sundviggs, and hence the ms. reading snyrti-Gerðar is preserved (see Note to ll. 5-8 above), the reading sverðmanns ‘of the sword-man’ must be preferred, giving the kenning mô snyrti-Gerðar sverðmanns ‘the gull of the splendid Gerðr of the sword-man [WARRIOR > VALKYRIE > RAVEN]’. However, it is debatable whether sverðmaðr is an acceptable warrior-kenning and, at any rate, the emendation Ullar > Ullr results in an unmetrical line (see Note to ll. 5-8 above).

mans ‘girl’

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man (noun n.): girl < sverðman (noun n.)

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notes

[7] sverðmans ‘of the sword-girl [VALKYRIE]’: In eds where emendation is made to Ullr sundviggs, and hence the ms. reading snyrti-Gerðar is preserved (see Note to ll. 5-8 above), the reading sverðmanns ‘of the sword-man’ must be preferred, giving the kenning mô snyrti-Gerðar sverðmanns ‘the gull of the splendid Gerðr of the sword-man [WARRIOR > VALKYRIE > RAVEN]’. However, it is debatable whether sverðmaðr is an acceptable warrior-kenning and, at any rate, the emendation Ullar > Ullr results in an unmetrical line (see Note to ll. 5-8 above).

mans ‘girl’

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man (noun n.): girl < sverðman (noun n.)

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notes

[7] sverðmans ‘of the sword-girl [VALKYRIE]’: In eds where emendation is made to Ullr sundviggs, and hence the ms. reading snyrti-Gerðar is preserved (see Note to ll. 5-8 above), the reading sverðmanns ‘of the sword-man’ must be preferred, giving the kenning mô snyrti-Gerðar sverðmanns ‘the gull of the splendid Gerðr of the sword-man [WARRIOR > VALKYRIE > RAVEN]’. However, it is debatable whether sverðmaðr is an acceptable warrior-kenning and, at any rate, the emendation Ullar > Ullr results in an unmetrical line (see Note to ll. 5-8 above).

snyrti ‘Splendid’

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snyrti- ((prefix)): [fine, Splendid] < snyrtiherðir (noun m.)

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notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies. — [7] snyrti- ‘splendid’: An honorific adj., appearing as the first element in a number of compounds, including those with personal names (see LP: snyrti-).

snyrti ‘Splendid’

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snyrti- ((prefix)): [fine, Splendid] < snyrtiherðir (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies. — [7] snyrti- ‘splendid’: An honorific adj., appearing as the first element in a number of compounds, including those with personal names (see LP: snyrti-).

herðir ‘strengthener’

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herðir (noun m.): sword < snyrtiherðir (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

sund ‘sea’

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sund (noun n.; °-s; -): sound, strait; swimming < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

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notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

sund ‘sea’

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sund (noun n.; °-s; -): sound, strait; swimming < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

sund ‘sea’

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sund (noun n.; °-s; -): sound, strait; swimming < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

viggs ‘horse’

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vigg (noun n.): steed < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

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notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

viggs ‘horse’

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vigg (noun n.): steed < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

viggs ‘horse’

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vigg (noun n.): steed < sundvigg (noun n.): [sea-horse]

kennings

notes

[5, 7-8] snyrtiherðir Ullar sundviggs ‘splendid strengthener of Ullr’s <god’s> sea-horse [SHIP > SHIELD > WARRIOR]’: According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 67, 167-8, 194), ‘Ullr’s ship’ is a kenning for ‘shield’, but this kenning remains obscure (see Note to Hfr Hákdr 1/1). Sundviggs ‘of the sea-horse’ functions as the base-word of the shield-kenning, although it is placed here in the prose word order and translation in the position that a determinant normally occupies.

flota ‘your fleet’

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floti (noun m.): fleet

bundit ‘moored’

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binda (verb; °bindr; batt/bant(cf. [$332$]), bundu; bundinn): bind, tie