HSt Rst 11I
Rolf Stavnem (ed.) 2012, ‘Hallar-Steinn, Rekstefja 11’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 909.
Ísland ‘Iceland’
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Ísland (noun n.): [Iceland, ice-land]
éla ‘of the storms’
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él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
éla ‘of the storms’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
skyndir ‘hastener’
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skyndir (noun m.; °dat. -): hastener
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
ítr ‘splendid’
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ítr (adj.): glorious
lista ‘in accomplishments’
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list (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): skill, art, virtue
vann ‘made’
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
kristnat ‘Christian’
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2. kristna (verb): to convert to Christianity
gollmildr ‘The gold-generous’
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gullmildr (adj.): [gold-generous]
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
Grœnaveldi ‘Greenland’
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Grœnaveldi (noun n.): [Greenland]
notes
[3] Grœnaveldi ‘Greenland’: Lit. ‘Green realm’, a play on the usual name Grœn(a)land.
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
þey*s ‘of the thawing wind’
(not checked:)
þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
[4] þey*s: ‘þeyrs’ Bb
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
þey*s ‘of the thawing wind’
(not checked:)
þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
[4] þey*s: ‘þeyrs’ Bb
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
þey*s ‘of the thawing wind’
(not checked:)
þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
[4] þey*s: ‘þeyrs’ Bb
kennings
Gollmildr skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar,‘The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul, ’
= WARRIOR
the thawing wind of Gǫndul, → BATTLE
the storms of the BATTLE → ARROWS
The gold-generous hastener of ARROWS → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 4] skyndir éla þey*s Gǫndlar ‘hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR]’: (a) The minor emendation of þeyrs to þeys produces an acceptable kenning structure, with þeys Gǫndlar ‘of the thawing wind of Gǫndul [BATTLE]’ as the determinant of a kenning for ‘arrows’ or ‘arrow-showers’ (cf. SnE 1998, I, 67 for kennings for missiles based on terms referring to precipitation such as hagl ‘hail’). (b) Since þeyr ‘thawing wind’ and él ‘storm’ can both function as the base-word of a battle-kenning, this kenning could be seen as overloaded, and Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) seems to regard éla ‘storms’ as a redundant element in the battle-kenning éla Gǫndlar þeys ‘the storms of Gǫndul’s thawing wind’ rather than being an independent kenning element. There is a possible parallel to this in the use of hríð ‘storm’ in st. 34/6, 7 (see Note).
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
Eyjar ‘the Isles [Orkney]’
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1. ey (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-; -jar): island
notes
[4] Eyjar ‘the Isles’: That Orkney is meant is suggested by external historical sources (cited by Konráð Gíslason 1895-7), and the reference to Shetland in l. 5; Eyjar also refers to Orkney, e.g., in TorfE Lv 2/3, Anon Óldr 12/2.
Hand ‘most’
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hǫnd (noun f.; °handar, dat. hendi; hendr (hendir StatPáll³ 752¹²)): hand < handvíss (adj.): [most certainly]
notes
[5] handvíst ‘most certainly’: Lit. ‘hand certainly’, a cpd adj. used adverbially. Although rare, it occurs in Sjórs Lv 3/6II.
víst ‘certainly’
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1. víss (adj.): wise, certain(ly) < handvíss (adj.): [most certainly]
notes
[5] handvíst ‘most certainly’: Lit. ‘hand certainly’, a cpd adj. used adverbially. Although rare, it occurs in Sjórs Lv 3/6II.
Hjalta ‘of the Shetlanders’
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Hjaltr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): Shetlander
kennings
grundar Hjalta.‘of the land of the Shetlanders. ’
= Shetland
the land of the Shetlanders. → Shetland
grundar ‘of the land’
(not checked:)
grund (noun f.): earth, land
kennings
grundar Hjalta.‘of the land of the Shetlanders. ’
= Shetland
the land of the Shetlanders. → Shetland
hann ‘He’
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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
notes
[6, 7] hann, hilmir ‘he, the ruler’: Apposition is relatively common in Rst, and the use of the pron. hann in apposition is paralleled in the refrain (Hann, Óláfr): see Note to st. 9/8.
sem ‘as well as’
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sem (conj.): as, which
Nóregs ‘of Norway’
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Noregr (noun m.): Norway
manna ‘of the people’
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
hôttu ‘the way of life’
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1. háttr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. hætti; hættir, acc. háttu): behaviour, measure, verse-form
hilmir ‘the ruler’
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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
notes
[6, 7] hann, hilmir ‘he, the ruler’: Apposition is relatively common in Rst, and the use of the pron. hann in apposition is paralleled in the refrain (Hann, Óláfr): see Note to st. 9/8.
bœtti ‘improved’
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bœta (verb; °-tt-): better, emend, compensate
Hollr ‘Faithful’
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hollr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): loyal
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
fremstr ‘foremost’
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framr (adj.; °compar. framari/fremri, superl. framastr/fremstr): outstanding, foremost
at ‘in’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
ǫllu ‘all things’
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allr (adj.): all
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Ísland éla skyndir |
The gold-generous hastener of the storms of the thawing wind of Gǫndul <valkyrie> [BATTLE > ARROWS > WARRIOR], splendid in accomplishments, made Iceland, Greenland and the Isles [Orkney] Christian. He, the ruler, improved most certainly the way of life of the people of Norway as well as of the land of the Shetlanders [= Shetland]. Faithful and foremost in all things …
[8]: For this line of the refrain, see Note to st. 9/8.
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