Cookies on our website

We use cookies on this website, mainly to provide a secure browsing experience but also to collect statistics on how the website is used. You can find out more about the cookies we set, the information we store and how we use it on the cookies page.

Continue

skaldic

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

Menu Search

Refr Frag 3III

Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, Fragments 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 262.

Hofgarða-Refr GestssonFragments
234

vas ‘was’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[1] vas (‘var’): varð A

Close

sás ‘on which ’

(not checked:)
sás (conj.): the one who

[1] sás (‘sa er’): á C

Close

fǫgru ‘the beautiful’

(not checked:)
fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful

[1] fǫgru: ‘fræív’ W, fǫgrum U, C

kennings

fǫgru hlýrtungli
‘the beautiful prow-moon ’
   = SHIELD

the beautiful prow-moon → SHIELD
Close

fleygjendr ‘the flingers’

(not checked:)
fleygjandi (noun m.): flinger

[2] fleygjendr: ‘fleygendr’ Tˣ, U, C, ‘flæyiendr’ W, A

kennings

fleygjendr alinleygjar
‘the flingers of the forearm-flame ’
   = GENEROUS MEN

the forearm-flame → GOLD
the flingers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MEN
Close

alin ‘of the forearm’

(not checked:)
alin (noun f.): forearm, ell < alinleygr (noun m.)

[2] alin‑: so Tˣ, W, C, alm‑ R, A, ‘alim‑’ U

kennings

fleygjendr alinleygjar
‘the flingers of the forearm-flame ’
   = GENEROUS MEN

the forearm-flame → GOLD
the flingers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MEN

notes

[2] alinleygjar ‘of the forearm-flame [GOLD]’: The choice of the reading alin- (so , W, C) as opposed to alm- (R, A) is based in part on the metre (alm- renders the line hypometrical), and, further, alm- ‘bow’ does not yield a comprehensible kenning. The suggestion that almleygr ‘bow-fire’ could be an arrow-kenning (LP (1860): álmleygr) is unwarranted (there are no other kennings of this type; see Nj 1875-89, II, 225-7; cf. Meissner 144-5).

Close

alin ‘of the forearm’

(not checked:)
alin (noun f.): forearm, ell < alinleygr (noun m.)

[2] alin‑: so Tˣ, W, C, alm‑ R, A, ‘alim‑’ U

kennings

fleygjendr alinleygjar
‘the flingers of the forearm-flame ’
   = GENEROUS MEN

the forearm-flame → GOLD
the flingers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MEN

notes

[2] alinleygjar ‘of the forearm-flame [GOLD]’: The choice of the reading alin- (so , W, C) as opposed to alm- (R, A) is based in part on the metre (alm- renders the line hypometrical), and, further, alm- ‘bow’ does not yield a comprehensible kenning. The suggestion that almleygr ‘bow-fire’ could be an arrow-kenning (LP (1860): álmleygr) is unwarranted (there are no other kennings of this type; see Nj 1875-89, II, 225-7; cf. Meissner 144-5).

Close

leygjar ‘flame’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame < alinleygr (noun m.)

[2] ‑leygjar: ‘‑læyiar’ W, A

kennings

fleygjendr alinleygjar
‘the flingers of the forearm-flame ’
   = GENEROUS MEN

the forearm-flame → GOLD
the flingers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MEN

notes

[2] alinleygjar ‘of the forearm-flame [GOLD]’: The choice of the reading alin- (so , W, C) as opposed to alm- (R, A) is based in part on the metre (alm- renders the line hypometrical), and, further, alm- ‘bow’ does not yield a comprehensible kenning. The suggestion that almleygr ‘bow-fire’ could be an arrow-kenning (LP (1860): álmleygr) is unwarranted (there are no other kennings of this type; see Nj 1875-89, II, 225-7; cf. Meissner 144-5).

Close

leygjar ‘flame’

(not checked:)
1. leygr (noun m.): flame < alinleygr (noun m.)

[2] ‑leygjar: ‘‑læyiar’ W, A

kennings

fleygjendr alinleygjar
‘the flingers of the forearm-flame ’
   = GENEROUS MEN

the forearm-flame → GOLD
the flingers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MEN

notes

[2] alinleygjar ‘of the forearm-flame [GOLD]’: The choice of the reading alin- (so , W, C) as opposed to alm- (R, A) is based in part on the metre (alm- renders the line hypometrical), and, further, alm- ‘bow’ does not yield a comprehensible kenning. The suggestion that almleygr ‘bow-fire’ could be an arrow-kenning (LP (1860): álmleygr) is unwarranted (there are no other kennings of this type; see Nj 1875-89, II, 225-7; cf. Meissner 144-5).

Close

í ‘onto’

(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into

[3] í hangferil: ‘a hr[…]’ U

Close

hangferil ‘hanging-track’

(not checked:)
hangferill (noun m.): [hanging-track]

[3] í hangferil: ‘a hr[…]’ U

kennings

hangferil hringa
‘hanging-track of rings. ’
   = ARM/HAND

hanging-track of rings. → ARM/HAND
Close

hringa ‘of rings’

(not checked:)
1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword

[3] hringa: ‘[…]nga’ U

kennings

hangferil hringa
‘hanging-track of rings. ’
   = ARM/HAND

hanging-track of rings. → ARM/HAND
Close

hlýr ‘prow’

(not checked:)
2. hlýr (noun n.; °-s; -): cheek, bow < hlýrtungl (noun n.)

[4] hlýr‑: ‘[…]r’ C

kennings

fǫgru hlýrtungli
‘the beautiful prow-moon ’
   = SHIELD

the beautiful prow-moon → SHIELD
Close

tungli ‘moon’

(not checked:)
tungl (noun n.; °-s; -): moon, heavenly body < hlýrtungl (noun n.)

[4] ‑tungli: ‘tv[…]li’ U

kennings

fǫgru hlýrtungli
‘the beautiful prow-moon ’
   = SHIELD

the beautiful prow-moon → SHIELD
Close

mér ‘my’

(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

[4] mér: ‘(m)er’(?) U

Close

þrungu ‘pushed’

(not checked:)
þrøngva (verb): press, throng

[4] þrungu: ‘þrvngþo’ U

Close

Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

The stanza is cited in Skm (SnE) among examples of kennings for ‘weapons’ and ‘armour’ to illustrate a shield-kenning (here, hlýrtungl ‘prow-moon’).

Close

Log in

This service is only available to members of the relevant projects, and to purchasers of the skaldic volumes published by Brepols.
This service uses cookies. By logging in you agree to the use of cookies on your browser.

Close

Stanza/chapter/text segment

Use the buttons at the top of the page to navigate between stanzas in a poem.

Information tab

Interactive tab

The text and translation are given here, with buttons to toggle whether the text is shown in the verse order or prose word order. Clicking on indiviudal words gives dictionary links, variant readings, kennings and notes, where relevant.

Full text tab

This is the text of the edition in a similar format to how the edition appears in the printed volumes.

Chapter/text segment

This view is also used for chapters and other text segments. Not all the headings shown are relevant to such sections.