Refr Þorst 2III
Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, From a poem about Þorsteinn 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 251.
bǫð ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
bǫð (noun f.; °-s; -): battle < bǫðgœðir (noun m.)
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
notes
[1] bǫðgœðis ‘of the battle-promoter [= Óðinn]’: The emendation (addition of -s) is necessary because a gen. is needed to integrate the word in the kenning for ‘poem’. The kenning ‘battle-promoter’ is a traditional warrior-kenning, but the context shows that it can only refer to Óðinn here, because ægi ógnstǫðvar ‘the ocean of the terror-place [BREAST]’ must be supplemented by ‘Óðinn’ to fit the pattern ‘liquid of Óðinn’s breast [POEM]’ (on the use of warrior-kennings for Óðinn, see Meissner 253). As the god of war, Óðinn continually ‘promoted’ battle by causing strife among warriors (cf. Hárb 24, HHund II, 34 and ARG II, 57 for more examples).
bǫð ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
bǫð (noun f.; °-s; -): battle < bǫðgœðir (noun m.)
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
notes
[1] bǫðgœðis ‘of the battle-promoter [= Óðinn]’: The emendation (addition of -s) is necessary because a gen. is needed to integrate the word in the kenning for ‘poem’. The kenning ‘battle-promoter’ is a traditional warrior-kenning, but the context shows that it can only refer to Óðinn here, because ægi ógnstǫðvar ‘the ocean of the terror-place [BREAST]’ must be supplemented by ‘Óðinn’ to fit the pattern ‘liquid of Óðinn’s breast [POEM]’ (on the use of warrior-kennings for Óðinn, see Meissner 253). As the god of war, Óðinn continually ‘promoted’ battle by causing strife among warriors (cf. Hárb 24, HHund II, 34 and ARG II, 57 for more examples).
gœðis ‘promoter’
(not checked:)
gœðir (noun m.): strengthener, increaser < bǫðgœðir (noun m.)
[1] ‑gœðis: ‘‑ǫgþi’ R, ‑goði Tˣ, ‑gœði W, A, 2368ˣ, ‑geði U, ‘‑auglis’ C
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
notes
[1] bǫðgœðis ‘of the battle-promoter [= Óðinn]’: The emendation (addition of -s) is necessary because a gen. is needed to integrate the word in the kenning for ‘poem’. The kenning ‘battle-promoter’ is a traditional warrior-kenning, but the context shows that it can only refer to Óðinn here, because ægi ógnstǫðvar ‘the ocean of the terror-place [BREAST]’ must be supplemented by ‘Óðinn’ to fit the pattern ‘liquid of Óðinn’s breast [POEM]’ (on the use of warrior-kennings for Óðinn, see Meissner 253). As the god of war, Óðinn continually ‘promoted’ battle by causing strife among warriors (cf. Hárb 24, HHund II, 34 and ARG II, 57 for more examples).
gœðis ‘promoter’
(not checked:)
gœðir (noun m.): strengthener, increaser < bǫðgœðir (noun m.)
[1] ‑gœðis: ‘‑ǫgþi’ R, ‑goði Tˣ, ‑gœði W, A, 2368ˣ, ‑geði U, ‘‑auglis’ C
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
notes
[1] bǫðgœðis ‘of the battle-promoter [= Óðinn]’: The emendation (addition of -s) is necessary because a gen. is needed to integrate the word in the kenning for ‘poem’. The kenning ‘battle-promoter’ is a traditional warrior-kenning, but the context shows that it can only refer to Óðinn here, because ægi ógnstǫðvar ‘the ocean of the terror-place [BREAST]’ must be supplemented by ‘Óðinn’ to fit the pattern ‘liquid of Óðinn’s breast [POEM]’ (on the use of warrior-kennings for Óðinn, see Meissner 253). As the god of war, Óðinn continually ‘promoted’ battle by causing strife among warriors (cf. Hárb 24, HHund II, 34 and ARG II, 57 for more examples).
bjóða ‘to offer’
(not checked:)
bjóða (verb; °býðr; bauð, buðu; boðinn (buð- Thom¹ 5²n.)): offer, order, invite
[1] bjóða: so Tˣ, W, U, A, 2368ˣ, ‘giø̨þa’ R, galla C
kennings
bǫrr hjǫrva‘the tree of swords [I] ’
= WARRIOR
the tree of swords [I] → WARRIOR
til ‘on ’
(not checked:)
til (prep.): to
kennings
bǫrr hjǫrva‘the tree of swords [I] ’
= WARRIOR
the tree of swords [I] → WARRIOR
ógn ‘of the terror’
(not checked:)
ógn (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): terror, battle < ógnstǫð (noun f.)
[3] ógnstǫðvar: ‘ognstoðfar’ W, ‘[…]ngstoþvar’(?) U
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
ógn ‘of the terror’
(not checked:)
ógn (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): terror, battle < ógnstǫð (noun f.)
[3] ógnstǫðvar: ‘ognstoðfar’ W, ‘[…]ngstoþvar’(?) U
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
stǫðvar ‘place’
(not checked:)
stǫð (noun f.; °; -var): harbour < ógnstǫð (noun f.)
[3] ógnstǫðvar: ‘ognstoðfar’ W, ‘[…]ngstoþvar’(?) U
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
stǫðvar ‘place’
(not checked:)
stǫð (noun f.; °; -var): harbour < ógnstǫð (noun f.)
[3] ógnstǫðvar: ‘ognstoðfar’ W, ‘[…]ngstoþvar’(?) U
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
hefk ‘I have’
(not checked:)
hafa (verb): have
kennings
ægi ógnstǫðvar bǫðgœðis;‘the ocean of the terror-place of the battle-promoter; ’
= POEM
the battle-promoter; → Óðinn
the ocean of the terror-place of ÓÐINN → POEM
ein ‘’
(not checked:)
2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone < einráða (verb): resolve
[4] ein‑: ‘ei[…]’(?) U
ráðit ‘decided’
(not checked:)
ráða (verb): advise, rule, interpret, decide < einráða (verb): resolve
[4] ‑ráðit: ‑ráðum Tˣ, ‑ráðinn W, U, A, 2368ˣ
Þórsteini ‘Þorsteinn’
(not checked:)
Þórsteinn (noun m.): Þorsteinn
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
The helmingr is quoted in SnE (Skm) and LaufE among stanzas containing kennings for ‘man’.
Stanza/chapter/text segment
Use the buttons at the top of the page to navigate between stanzas in a poem.
Information tab
- text: if the stanza has been published, the edited text of the stanza and translation are here; if it hasn't been published an old edition (usually Skj) is given for reference
- sources: a list of the manuscripts or inscriptions containing this stanza, with page and line references and links (eye button) to images where available, and transcription where available
- readings: a list of variant manuscript readings of words in the main text
- editions and texts: a list of editions of the stanza with links to the bibliography; and a list of prose works in which the stanza occurs, allowing you to navigate within the prose context
- notes and context: notes not linked to individual words are given here, along with the account of the prose context for the stanza, where relevant
Interactive tab
The text and translation are given here, with buttons to toggle whether the text is shown in the verse order or prose word order. Clicking on indiviudal words gives dictionary links, variant readings, kennings and notes, where relevant.
Full text tab
This is the text of the edition in a similar format to how the edition appears in the printed volumes.
Chapter/text segment
This view is also used for chapters and other text segments. Not all the headings shown are relevant to such sections.