Refr Giz 2III
Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, Poem about Gizurr gullbrárskáld 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 255.
Opt ‘often’
(not checked:)
opt (adv.): often
jarðar ‘of the land’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
[1] jarðar: so all others, ‘[...]rþar’ R
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
jarðar ‘of the land’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
[1] jarðar: so all others, ‘[...]rþar’ R
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
jarðar ‘of the land’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
[1] jarðar: so all others, ‘[...]rþar’ R
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
leiptra ‘of the lightnings’
(not checked:)
2. leiptr (noun f.): lightning
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
leiptra ‘of the lightnings’
(not checked:)
2. leiptr (noun f.): lightning
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
es ‘has’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
notes
[2] es ‘has’: Lit. ‘is’. A monosyllabic finite verb (here es ‘is’) does not usually carry alliteration and full stress, but Kock (NN §2070D) has collected a few examples in which such verbs can do so in line-initial position (see also Gade 1995a, 122-3).
Baldr ‘the Baldr’
(not checked:)
Baldr (noun m.): [Baldr, Baldur]
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
hniginn ‘fallen’
(not checked:)
hníga (verb): sink, fall
skaldi ‘to the skald’
(not checked:)
skáld (noun n.; °-s; -): poet
hollr ‘loyal’
(not checked:)
hollr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): loyal
helgu ‘the holy’
(not checked:)
heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
[3] helgu fulli: helgum fullum U
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
hrafn ‘of the raven’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven < hrafnáss (noun m.)
[4] hrafnásar: so Tˣ, W, U, ‘hrafnalar’ R, ‘hranna lar’ B
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
notes
[4] hrafnásar ‘of the raven-god [= Óðinn]’: This periphrasis for Óðinn is only attested here and in Þjóð Haustl 4/4 (see Note to Þjóð Haustl 4/3, 4). It is possible that Hofgarða-Refr knew Þjóðólfr’s poem (cf. Þjóð Haustl 4/3 helgum skutli ‘the holy trencher’ and helgu fulli ‘the holy cup’ in l. 3 above).
hrafn ‘of the raven’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven < hrafnáss (noun m.)
[4] hrafnásar: so Tˣ, W, U, ‘hrafnalar’ R, ‘hranna lar’ B
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
notes
[4] hrafnásar ‘of the raven-god [= Óðinn]’: This periphrasis for Óðinn is only attested here and in Þjóð Haustl 4/4 (see Note to Þjóð Haustl 4/3, 4). It is possible that Hofgarða-Refr knew Þjóðólfr’s poem (cf. Þjóð Haustl 4/3 helgum skutli ‘the holy trencher’ and helgu fulli ‘the holy cup’ in l. 3 above).
ásar ‘god’
(not checked:)
2. Áss (noun m.; °áss, dat. ási/ás; ásar): god < hrafnáss (noun m.)
[4] hrafnásar: so Tˣ, W, U, ‘hrafnalar’ R, ‘hranna lar’ B
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
notes
[4] hrafnásar ‘of the raven-god [= Óðinn]’: This periphrasis for Óðinn is only attested here and in Þjóð Haustl 4/4 (see Note to Þjóð Haustl 4/3, 4). It is possible that Hofgarða-Refr knew Þjóðólfr’s poem (cf. Þjóð Haustl 4/3 helgum skutli ‘the holy trencher’ and helgu fulli ‘the holy cup’ in l. 3 above).
ásar ‘god’
(not checked:)
2. Áss (noun m.; °áss, dat. ási/ás; ásar): god < hrafnáss (noun m.)
[4] hrafnásar: so Tˣ, W, U, ‘hrafnalar’ R, ‘hranna lar’ B
kennings
helgu fulli hrafnásar;‘the holy cup of the raven-god; ’
= POETRY
the raven-god; → Óðinn
the holy cup of ÓÐINN → POETRY
notes
[4] hrafnásar ‘of the raven-god [= Óðinn]’: This periphrasis for Óðinn is only attested here and in Þjóð Haustl 4/4 (see Note to Þjóð Haustl 4/3, 4). It is possible that Hofgarða-Refr knew Þjóðólfr’s poem (cf. Þjóð Haustl 4/3 helgum skutli ‘the holy trencher’ and helgu fulli ‘the holy cup’ in l. 3 above).
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
kennings
Baldr leiptra jarðar stafna,‘the Baldr of the lightnings of the land of prows, ’
= MAN
the land of prows, → SEA
the lightnings of the SEA → GOLD
the Baldr of the GOLD → MAN
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
In Skm (SnE), the helmingr is cited among stanzas that illustrate kennings for Óðinn (here, hrafnáss ‘raven-god’).
[2-3]: Earlier eds have taken skaldi (n. dat. sg.) ‘the skald’ with hniginn ‘fallen’ (p. p. of hníga ‘fall (in battle), pass away, topple, bend down’), sometimes in the sense of ‘passed away from the skald’ (cf. Skj B: nu er manden død fra skjalden (mig) ‘now the man has passed away from the skald (me)’; Clunies Ross 2005a, 61 ‘is departed from the poet’). However, neither hníga nor deyja ‘die’ is attested with a dat. object in the sense of ‘pass away from sby, leave sby behind’. Kock (NN §2463E) compares hníga e-m with falla e-m which he translates as falla för ngns hand ‘fall by sby’s hand’, which would mean that Hofgarða-Refr had killed Gizurr. Faulkes (SnE 1998, II, 315) entertains both of these possibilities. In the present edn, skaldi is taken as a dat. with the adj. hollr ‘loyal, faithful, well-disposed towards sby’, which is regularly construed with the dat. (Fritzner: hollr 1). The sense is that the skald (Hofgarða-Refr) laments the fact that the man (Gizurr) who was loyal to him and taught him the art of skaldic composition has fallen in battle.
Stanza/chapter/text segment
Use the buttons at the top of the page to navigate between stanzas in a poem.
Information tab
- text: if the stanza has been published, the edited text of the stanza and translation are here; if it hasn't been published an old edition (usually Skj) is given for reference
- sources: a list of the manuscripts or inscriptions containing this stanza, with page and line references and links (eye button) to images where available, and transcription where available
- readings: a list of variant manuscript readings of words in the main text
- editions and texts: a list of editions of the stanza with links to the bibliography; and a list of prose works in which the stanza occurs, allowing you to navigate within the prose context
- notes and context: notes not linked to individual words are given here, along with the account of the prose context for the stanza, where relevant
Interactive tab
The text and translation are given here, with buttons to toggle whether the text is shown in the verse order or prose word order. Clicking on indiviudal words gives dictionary links, variant readings, kennings and notes, where relevant.
Full text tab
This is the text of the edition in a similar format to how the edition appears in the printed volumes.
Chapter/text segment
This view is also used for chapters and other text segments. Not all the headings shown are relevant to such sections.