Refr Giz 1III
Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, Poem about Gizurr gullbrárskáld 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 254.
Einn ‘alone’
(not checked:)
2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone
háði ‘engaged’
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2. heyja (verb): fight, wage (battle)
[1] háði: hafði Holm2, J2ˣ, 73aˣ, 325V, Flat, Tóm, ‘haf[…]’ 61, hafði í 325VII
gný ‘in the din’
(not checked:)
gnýr (noun m.): din, tumult
kennings
gný Gunnar‘in the din of Gunnr ’
= BATTLE
in the din of Gunnr → BATTLE
kennings
gný Gunnar‘in the din of Gunnr ’
= BATTLE
in the din of Gunnr → BATTLE
gall ‘resounded’
(not checked:)
gjalla (verb): to scream, shriek; to repay, return, pay for
[2] gall: ‘(gu)ll’(?) 61, gull Flat, Tóm
bál ‘the fire’
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bál (noun n.; °-s; -): fire
[2] bál: báls 73aˣ, 325V, Flat, Tóm, ‘(b)als’(?) 61
kennings
bál Hôars‘the fire of Hárr ’
= SWORD
the fire of Hárr → SWORD
Hôars ‘of Hárr’
(not checked:)
Háarr (noun m.): [Hárr, Hôarr]
[2] Hôars: hár 73aˣ, 325VII, 325V, hás 61
kennings
bál Hôars‘the fire of Hárr ’
= SWORD
the fire of Hárr → SWORD
stála ‘of steel weapons’
(not checked:)
1. stál (noun n.; °-s; -): steel, weapon, prow
[2] stála: so Holm2, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, Holm4, 325V, skála Kˣ, 61, 325VII, Flat, Tóm
kennings
stála regn‘rain-bold of steel weapons’
= BATTLE
in the rain of steel weapons, → BATTLE
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
rimmu ‘of battle’
(not checked:)
rimma (noun f.; °-u): battle
[3] rimmu: runnu J2ˣ, 73aˣ, 61, 325VII, 325V, Tóm, ‘runu’ Flat
kennings
Askr rimmu,‘The ash-tree of battle, ’
= WARRIOR
The ash-tree of battle, → WARRIOR
askr ‘The ash-tree’
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askr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): ash, ash-tree, ash-ship
kennings
Askr rimmu,‘The ash-tree of battle, ’
= WARRIOR
The ash-tree of battle, → WARRIOR
rǫskva ‘brave’
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rǫskr (adj.): brave
[3] rǫskva: rǫskvan Holm2, 61, rǫskum J2ˣ, ‘rauskna’ 321ˣ
regn ‘in the rain’
(not checked:)
regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain < regndjarfr (adj.)
kennings
stála regn‘rain-bold of steel weapons’
= BATTLE
in the rain of steel weapons, → BATTLE
djarfr ‘bold’
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djarfr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bold < regndjarfr (adj.)
tváa ‘two’
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tveir (num. cardinal): two
þegna ‘men’
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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin
Dal ‘The bow’
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2. dalr (noun m.): (gen. -ar) bow < dalsteypir (noun m.)
kennings
Dalsteypir‘The bow-destroyer ’
= WARRIOR
The bow-destroyer → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 8] dalsteypir; ôr strauma ‘the bow-destroyer [WARRIOR]; messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’: This edn follows Kock’s (NN §784) interpretation (so also ÍF 27 and Turville-Petre 1976, 91). Dalsteypir ‘bow-destroyer’ has parallels in such kennings as skerðir málma ‘diminisher of weapons’ (Sturl Hryn 2/6II; see also Meissner 288). Kock (NN §839) himself lists several parallels of ôrr strauma ‘messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’. On the use of ôrr ‘messenger’ for ‘man’, see Meissner 272. The interpretation offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; Hkr 1893-1901), by contrast, requires both rearranging the kenning as well as isolating ár in l. 8: strauma dalsteypir = steypir strauma dal(s) ‘pourer of the currents of the bow [ARROWS > WARRIOR]’; ár (l. 8) is rendered as an adv. (ár ‘quickly’; cf. LP: 2. ár 5) modifying hjó ‘hew, struck’ (l. 1).
steypir ‘destroyer’
(not checked:)
steypir (noun m.; °-s): overcomer, destroyer < dalsteypir (noun m.)
[5] ‑steypir: ‑steypis 61, Flat, ‘stypis’ Tóm
kennings
Dalsteypir‘The bow-destroyer ’
= WARRIOR
The bow-destroyer → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 8] dalsteypir; ôr strauma ‘the bow-destroyer [WARRIOR]; messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’: This edn follows Kock’s (NN §784) interpretation (so also ÍF 27 and Turville-Petre 1976, 91). Dalsteypir ‘bow-destroyer’ has parallels in such kennings as skerðir málma ‘diminisher of weapons’ (Sturl Hryn 2/6II; see also Meissner 288). Kock (NN §839) himself lists several parallels of ôrr strauma ‘messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’. On the use of ôrr ‘messenger’ for ‘man’, see Meissner 272. The interpretation offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; Hkr 1893-1901), by contrast, requires both rearranging the kenning as well as isolating ár in l. 8: strauma dalsteypir = steypir strauma dal(s) ‘pourer of the currents of the bow [ARROWS > WARRIOR]’; ár (l. 8) is rendered as an adv. (ár ‘quickly’; cf. LP: 2. ár 5) modifying hjó ‘hew, struck’ (l. 1).
hjó ‘dealt’
(not checked:)
hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew
Draupnis ‘of Draupnir’
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Draupnir (noun m.): Draupnir
[5] Draupnis: ‘dreyfnis’ 321ˣ, ‘draupins’ Holm4, Tóm, ‘[...]is’ 61, ‘draupnnis’ Flat
kennings
Draupnis dǫgg-Frey‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’
= MAN
the dew of Draupnir his → GOLD
the Freyr of the GOLD → MAN
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
Draupnis ‘of Draupnir’
(not checked:)
Draupnir (noun m.): Draupnir
[5] Draupnis: ‘dreyfnis’ 321ˣ, ‘draupins’ Holm4, Tóm, ‘[...]is’ 61, ‘draupnnis’ Flat
kennings
Draupnis dǫgg-Frey‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’
= MAN
the dew of Draupnir his → GOLD
the Freyr of the GOLD → MAN
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
dǫgg ‘of the dew’
(not checked:)
dǫgg (noun f.; °-var/-ar, dat. -/-u; -var/-ar/dǫggir/daggir (cf. [$1242$])): dew < dǫggfreyr (noun m.)
[6] dǫgg‑: draugs‑ 61, Tóm, ‘dęggs‑’ 325VII
kennings
Draupnis dǫgg-Frey‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’
= MAN
the dew of Draupnir his → GOLD
the Freyr of the GOLD → MAN
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
dǫgg ‘of the dew’
(not checked:)
dǫgg (noun f.; °-var/-ar, dat. -/-u; -var/-ar/dǫggir/daggir (cf. [$1242$])): dew < dǫggfreyr (noun m.)
[6] dǫgg‑: draugs‑ 61, Tóm, ‘dęggs‑’ 325VII
kennings
Draupnis dǫgg-Frey‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’
= MAN
the dew of Draupnir his → GOLD
the Freyr of the GOLD → MAN
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
Frey ‘the Freyr’
(not checked:)
Freyr (noun m.): (a god) < dǫggfreyr (noun m.)
kennings
Draupnis dǫgg-Frey‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’
= MAN
the dew of Draupnir his → GOLD
the Freyr of the GOLD → MAN
notes
[5-6] Draupnis dǫgg-Frey ‘the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN]’: Draupnir (‘dripping one’) is Óðinn’s precious ring from which eight rings of a similar weight drip every nine nights (SnE 1998, I, 42). The name often appears in kennings for ‘gold’, which is referred to as drop, dew, rain, offspring etc. of Draupnir (Meissner 227).
bana ‘death’
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bani (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death, killer < banahǫgg (noun n.): °dræbende hug, banehug; deathblow, mortal blow
hǫggvi ‘blow’
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hǫgg (noun n.; °-s, dat. hǫggvi/hǫggi; -): blow < banahǫgg (noun n.): °dræbende hug, banehug; deathblow, mortal blow
[6] ‑hǫggvi: so Holm2, J2ˣ, 73aˣ, Holm4, 325VII, 325V, Flat, Tóm, ‘hoggv’ Kˣ, ‘hauggi’ 321ˣ, ‑hǫggvinn 61
hann ‘he’
(not checked:)
hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
en ‘and’
(not checked:)
2. en (conj.): but, and
annan ‘upon another’
(not checked:)
1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
kennings
annan ôr strauma‘upon another messenger of currents; ’
= SEAFARER
upon another messenger of currents; → SEAFARER
ôr ‘messenger’
(not checked:)
1. árr (noun m.; °dat. ár; ǽrir/árar, acc. áru): messenger
[8] ôr: ‘a’ 73aˣ, 325V
kennings
annan ôr strauma‘upon another messenger of currents; ’
= SEAFARER
upon another messenger of currents; → SEAFARER
notes
[5, 8] dalsteypir; ôr strauma ‘the bow-destroyer [WARRIOR]; messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’: This edn follows Kock’s (NN §784) interpretation (so also ÍF 27 and Turville-Petre 1976, 91). Dalsteypir ‘bow-destroyer’ has parallels in such kennings as skerðir málma ‘diminisher of weapons’ (Sturl Hryn 2/6II; see also Meissner 288). Kock (NN §839) himself lists several parallels of ôrr strauma ‘messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’. On the use of ôrr ‘messenger’ for ‘man’, see Meissner 272. The interpretation offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; Hkr 1893-1901), by contrast, requires both rearranging the kenning as well as isolating ár in l. 8: strauma dalsteypir = steypir strauma dal(s) ‘pourer of the currents of the bow [ARROWS > WARRIOR]’; ár (l. 8) is rendered as an adv. (ár ‘quickly’; cf. LP: 2. ár 5) modifying hjó ‘hew, struck’ (l. 1).
strauma ‘of currents’
(not checked:)
straumr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): stream, current
[8] strauma: ‘struma’ J2ˣ
kennings
annan ôr strauma‘upon another messenger of currents; ’
= SEAFARER
upon another messenger of currents; → SEAFARER
notes
[5, 8] dalsteypir; ôr strauma ‘the bow-destroyer [WARRIOR]; messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’: This edn follows Kock’s (NN §784) interpretation (so also ÍF 27 and Turville-Petre 1976, 91). Dalsteypir ‘bow-destroyer’ has parallels in such kennings as skerðir málma ‘diminisher of weapons’ (Sturl Hryn 2/6II; see also Meissner 288). Kock (NN §839) himself lists several parallels of ôrr strauma ‘messenger of currents [SEAFARER]’. On the use of ôrr ‘messenger’ for ‘man’, see Meissner 272. The interpretation offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; Hkr 1893-1901), by contrast, requires both rearranging the kenning as well as isolating ár in l. 8: strauma dalsteypir = steypir strauma dal(s) ‘pourer of the currents of the bow [ARROWS > WARRIOR]’; ár (l. 8) is rendered as an adv. (ár ‘quickly’; cf. LP: 2. ár 5) modifying hjó ‘hew, struck’ (l. 1).
vann ‘inflicted’
(not checked:)
2. vinna (verb): perform, work
sáran ‘a wound’
(not checked:)
sárr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): sore, painful; wounded
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Einn háði gný Gunnar |
The ash-tree of battle [WARRIOR], bold in the rain of steel weapons [(lit. ‘rain-bold of steel weapons’) BATTLE], engaged alone in the din of Gunnr <valkyrie> [BATTLE] against two brave men; the fire of Hárr <= Óðinn> [SWORD] resounded. The bow-destroyer [WARRIOR] dealt the Freyr <god> of the dew of Draupnir <ring> [(lit. ‘Draupnir’s dew-Freyr’) GOLD > MAN] his deathblow and inflicted a wound upon another messenger of currents [SEAFARER]; he reddened iron-blades.
In Ólafs saga helga (ÓHHkr), the stanza is inserted into a prose report on the death of Gizurr gullbrárskáld at the battle of Stiklestad (29 August 1030). Gizurr is said to have wounded one man and killed another before he fell himself.
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