Gsind Hákdr 5I
Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Guthormr sindri, Hákonardrápa 5’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 163.
Ok ‘And’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
sókn ‘of the attack’
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
sókn ‘of the attack’
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
sókn ‘of the attack’
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
hittir ‘’
(not checked:)
hittir (noun m.): finder < sókn (noun f.): attack, fight
hvattr ‘’
(not checked:)
-hvattr (adj.) < sóknhvattr (adj.)
hattar ‘hat’
(not checked:)
hattr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): hat < sóknhǫttr (noun m.)
[1] ‑hattar: ‑hvattr F, ‑hittir Bb
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
hattar ‘hat’
(not checked:)
hattr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): hat < sóknhǫttr (noun m.)
[1] ‑hattar: ‑hvattr F, ‑hittir Bb
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
hattar ‘hat’
(not checked:)
hattr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): hat < sóknhǫttr (noun m.)
[1] ‑hattar: ‑hvattr F, ‑hittir Bb
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
setti ‘placed’
(not checked:)
setja (verb): place, set, establish
notes
[1, 2-3] setti … at því fljóði Ónars ‘placed … over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð “land”)]’: For discussion of forms of the name Ónarr see Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84-5) and Note to Þul Dverga 3/6III. The noun fljóð means ‘woman given to a man’ (see Note to Þul Kvenna I 1/3III), but the few other earth-kennings involving Ónarr refer to earth as his daughter (Meissner 87; ÍF 26). It may be that the variation of base-word from ‘daughter’ to ‘wife’ reflects conflation with earth-kennings based on the idea of ‘Óðinn’s spouse/concubine’. The metaphor of the marriage of ruler to land occurs in other poetry of the late C10th and early C11th (e.g. Eyv Hál 12, Hfr Hákdr 3-6III, Edáð Banddr 3; cf. SnE 1998, I, 158). The language may be purely figurative and conventional (cf. Frank 2007, 177, 190), but it has been regarded as pointing to an ancient rite of hieros gamos ‘sacred marriage’ (Ström 1983; Steinsland 1986b; Steinsland 1991; Steinsland 1992), perhaps even to a revival of such a cult under Hákon góði or more especially under the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade; e.g. Åkerblom 1899a, 271-2). The exact region placed under Tryggvi’s protection is not specified in the stanza. The prose narrative may be correct in mentioning Vík (Viken, the area around Oslofjorden), but Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) suggests that the reference might be to the Danish lands subjugated by Hákon in his campaign. The mention of oak forests would fit best with the Danish islands or the Skåne coast (cf. Price 2000b, 32, map).
svǫl ‘’
(not checked:)
svǫl (noun f.; °; svalar/svalir): °(I) svalegang, galleri, balkon < svǫlrjóðr (noun m.)
svell ‘of the ice’
(not checked:)
svell (noun n.; °; -): ice < svellrjóðr (noun m.)
[2] svell‑: ‘suol‑’ Flat
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
svell ‘of the ice’
(not checked:)
svell (noun n.; °; -): ice < svellrjóðr (noun m.)
[2] svell‑: ‘suol‑’ Flat
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
rjóðr ‘the reddener’
(not checked:)
1. rjóðr (noun m.): reddener < svellrjóðr (noun m.)1. rjóðr (noun m.): reddener < svǫlrjóðr (noun m.)
kennings
sóknhattar svellrjóðr‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the attack-hat → HELMET
the ice of the HELMET → SWORD
the reddener of the SWORD → WARRIOR = Hákon
af ‘’
(not checked:)
af (prep.): from
notes
[1, 2-3] setti … at því fljóði Ónars ‘placed … over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð “land”)]’: For discussion of forms of the name Ónarr see Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84-5) and Note to Þul Dverga 3/6III. The noun fljóð means ‘woman given to a man’ (see Note to Þul Kvenna I 1/3III), but the few other earth-kennings involving Ónarr refer to earth as his daughter (Meissner 87; ÍF 26). It may be that the variation of base-word from ‘daughter’ to ‘wife’ reflects conflation with earth-kennings based on the idea of ‘Óðinn’s spouse/concubine’. The metaphor of the marriage of ruler to land occurs in other poetry of the late C10th and early C11th (e.g. Eyv Hál 12, Hfr Hákdr 3-6III, Edáð Banddr 3; cf. SnE 1998, I, 158). The language may be purely figurative and conventional (cf. Frank 2007, 177, 190), but it has been regarded as pointing to an ancient rite of hieros gamos ‘sacred marriage’ (Ström 1983; Steinsland 1986b; Steinsland 1991; Steinsland 1992), perhaps even to a revival of such a cult under Hákon góði or more especially under the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade; e.g. Åkerblom 1899a, 271-2). The exact region placed under Tryggvi’s protection is not specified in the stanza. The prose narrative may be correct in mentioning Vík (Viken, the area around Oslofjorden), but Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) suggests that the reference might be to the Danish lands subjugated by Hákon in his campaign. The mention of oak forests would fit best with the Danish islands or the Skåne coast (cf. Price 2000b, 32, map).
því ‘that’
kennings
því fljóði Ónars,‘that woman of Ónarr, ’
= Jǫrð
that woman of Ónarr, → Jǫrð
notes
[1, 2-3] setti … at því fljóði Ónars ‘placed … over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð “land”)]’: For discussion of forms of the name Ónarr see Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84-5) and Note to Þul Dverga 3/6III. The noun fljóð means ‘woman given to a man’ (see Note to Þul Kvenna I 1/3III), but the few other earth-kennings involving Ónarr refer to earth as his daughter (Meissner 87; ÍF 26). It may be that the variation of base-word from ‘daughter’ to ‘wife’ reflects conflation with earth-kennings based on the idea of ‘Óðinn’s spouse/concubine’. The metaphor of the marriage of ruler to land occurs in other poetry of the late C10th and early C11th (e.g. Eyv Hál 12, Hfr Hákdr 3-6III, Edáð Banddr 3; cf. SnE 1998, I, 158). The language may be purely figurative and conventional (cf. Frank 2007, 177, 190), but it has been regarded as pointing to an ancient rite of hieros gamos ‘sacred marriage’ (Ström 1983; Steinsland 1986b; Steinsland 1991; Steinsland 1992), perhaps even to a revival of such a cult under Hákon góði or more especially under the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade; e.g. Åkerblom 1899a, 271-2). The exact region placed under Tryggvi’s protection is not specified in the stanza. The prose narrative may be correct in mentioning Vík (Viken, the area around Oslofjorden), but Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) suggests that the reference might be to the Danish lands subjugated by Hákon in his campaign. The mention of oak forests would fit best with the Danish islands or the Skåne coast (cf. Price 2000b, 32, map).
fljóði ‘woman’
(not checked:)
fljóð (noun n.): woman
kennings
því fljóði Ónars,‘that woman of Ónarr, ’
= Jǫrð
that woman of Ónarr, → Jǫrð
notes
[1, 2-3] setti … at því fljóði Ónars ‘placed … over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð “land”)]’: For discussion of forms of the name Ónarr see Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84-5) and Note to Þul Dverga 3/6III. The noun fljóð means ‘woman given to a man’ (see Note to Þul Kvenna I 1/3III), but the few other earth-kennings involving Ónarr refer to earth as his daughter (Meissner 87; ÍF 26). It may be that the variation of base-word from ‘daughter’ to ‘wife’ reflects conflation with earth-kennings based on the idea of ‘Óðinn’s spouse/concubine’. The metaphor of the marriage of ruler to land occurs in other poetry of the late C10th and early C11th (e.g. Eyv Hál 12, Hfr Hákdr 3-6III, Edáð Banddr 3; cf. SnE 1998, I, 158). The language may be purely figurative and conventional (cf. Frank 2007, 177, 190), but it has been regarded as pointing to an ancient rite of hieros gamos ‘sacred marriage’ (Ström 1983; Steinsland 1986b; Steinsland 1991; Steinsland 1992), perhaps even to a revival of such a cult under Hákon góði or more especially under the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade; e.g. Åkerblom 1899a, 271-2). The exact region placed under Tryggvi’s protection is not specified in the stanza. The prose narrative may be correct in mentioning Vík (Viken, the area around Oslofjorden), but Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) suggests that the reference might be to the Danish lands subjugated by Hákon in his campaign. The mention of oak forests would fit best with the Danish islands or the Skåne coast (cf. Price 2000b, 32, map).
einars ‘’
(not checked:)
Einarr (noun m.): Einarr
kennings
því fljóði Ónars,‘that woman of Ónarr, ’
= Jǫrð
that woman of Ónarr, → Jǫrð
notes
[1, 2-3] setti … at því fljóði Ónars ‘placed … over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð “land”)]’: For discussion of forms of the name Ónarr see Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84-5) and Note to Þul Dverga 3/6III. The noun fljóð means ‘woman given to a man’ (see Note to Þul Kvenna I 1/3III), but the few other earth-kennings involving Ónarr refer to earth as his daughter (Meissner 87; ÍF 26). It may be that the variation of base-word from ‘daughter’ to ‘wife’ reflects conflation with earth-kennings based on the idea of ‘Óðinn’s spouse/concubine’. The metaphor of the marriage of ruler to land occurs in other poetry of the late C10th and early C11th (e.g. Eyv Hál 12, Hfr Hákdr 3-6III, Edáð Banddr 3; cf. SnE 1998, I, 158). The language may be purely figurative and conventional (cf. Frank 2007, 177, 190), but it has been regarded as pointing to an ancient rite of hieros gamos ‘sacred marriage’ (Ström 1983; Steinsland 1986b; Steinsland 1991; Steinsland 1992), perhaps even to a revival of such a cult under Hákon góði or more especially under the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade; e.g. Åkerblom 1899a, 271-2). The exact region placed under Tryggvi’s protection is not specified in the stanza. The prose narrative may be correct in mentioning Vík (Viken, the area around Oslofjorden), but Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) suggests that the reference might be to the Danish lands subjugated by Hákon in his campaign. The mention of oak forests would fit best with the Danish islands or the Skåne coast (cf. Price 2000b, 32, map).
eki ‘’
(not checked:)
(non-lexical)
ekki ‘’
(not checked:)
2. ekki (adv.): not
grœnu ‘’
(not checked:)
2. grœnn (adj.; °superl. grǿnastr/grǿnstr): green
grœnum ‘’
(not checked:)
2. grœnn (adj.; °superl. grǿnastr/grǿnstr): green
seima ‘’
(not checked:)
2. seimr (noun m.; °dat. -i): gold
austrs ‘’
(not checked:)
2. austr (noun n.; °-s): the east
austr ‘in the east’
(not checked:)
3. austr (adv.; °compar. -ar, superl. -ast): east, in the east
[4] austr: austrs Flat
sið ‘’
(not checked:)
siðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -u): faith, morals < siðbœtir (noun m.)
geð ‘morale’
(not checked:)
geð (noun n.): mind < geðbœtir (noun m.)geð (noun n.): mind < geðboði (noun m.)geð (noun n.): mind < geðbœtir (noun m.)
[4] geð‑: sið‑ Bb
kennings
hraustan geðbœti‘the valiant morale-improver ’
= RULER = Tryggvi
the valiant morale-improver → RULER = Tryggvi
notes
[4] geðbœti ‘morale-improver [RULER = Tryggvi]’: Tryggvi Óláfsson (see Context). The kenning may involve word-play on his name, cf. tryggr ‘trustworthy’ (cf. Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991).
bœtis ‘’
(not checked:)
bœtir (noun m.): amender < geðbœtir (noun m.)
boði ‘’
(not checked:)
boði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): messenger, breaker < geðboði (noun m.)
bœti ‘improver’
(not checked:)
bœtir (noun m.): amender < geðbœtir (noun m.)bœtir (noun m.): amender < siðbœtir (noun m.)
[4] ‑bœti: ‑boði J1ˣ, bœtis Flat
kennings
hraustan geðbœti‘the valiant morale-improver ’
= RULER = Tryggvi
the valiant morale-improver → RULER = Tryggvi
notes
[4] geðbœti ‘morale-improver [RULER = Tryggvi]’: Tryggvi Óláfsson (see Context). The kenning may involve word-play on his name, cf. tryggr ‘trustworthy’ (cf. Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991).
hraustum ‘’
(not checked:)
hraustr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): strong, valiant
hraustan ‘the valiant’
(not checked:)
hraustr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): strong, valiant
[4] hraustan: hraustum 61
kennings
hraustan geðbœti‘the valiant morale-improver ’
= RULER = Tryggvi
the valiant morale-improver → RULER = Tryggvi
þann ‘that man’
notes
[5, 7] þann … -brigðandi ‘that man … cleaver …’: Þann ‘that man, that one’ is m. acc. sg., referring back to geðbœti ‘morale-improver’ (l. 4), while brigðandi ‘cleaver’, base-word to the warrior-kenning, is m. nom. sg., elaborating on es ‘who’, the subject of kom ‘brought’. Both refer to Tryggvi.
es ‘who’
(not checked:)
2. er (conj.): who, which, when
áðr ‘previously’
(not checked:)
áðr (adv.; °//): before
notes
[5] áðr ‘previously’: Finnur Jónsson (1884, 85) and Kock (NN §1931) proposed emendation to ár ‘before’, to supply hending, but áðr : Írum do rhyme (cf. Kuhn 1983, 79).
frá ‘from’
(not checked:)
frá (prep.): from
Írum ‘the Irish’
(not checked:)
írar (noun m.): Irishmen
íð ‘’
(not checked:)
íð (noun f.): task < iðvandr (adj.): diligent
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
ok ‘’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
er ‘’
(not checked:)
2. er (conj.): who, which, when
vandr ‘a diligent’
(not checked:)
vandr (adj.): difficult < iðvandr (adj.): diligent
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
skeiðum ‘’
(not checked:)
2. skeið (noun n.; °; -): race, course
kom ‘brought’
(not checked:)
koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
skíðum ‘on the skis’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski
[6] skíðum: so F, 61, Bb, Flat, skeiðum Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ
kennings
skíðum svanvangs.‘on the skis of the swan-plain.’
= SHIPS
the swan-plain. → SEA
on the skis of the SEA → SHIPS
brygðandi ‘’
(not checked:)
(non-lexical) < (non-lexical) (unclassified)
sal ‘of the hall’
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
sal ‘of the hall’
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
sveigðisk ‘’
(not checked:)
sveigja (verb): bend
brigðandi ‘cleaver’
(not checked:)
brigðandi (noun m.): [cleaver] < salbrigðandi (noun m.)
[7] ‑brigðandi: so all others, ‑brygðandi Kˣ
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
notes
[5, 7] þann … -brigðandi ‘that man … cleaver …’: Þann ‘that man, that one’ is m. acc. sg., referring back to geðbœti ‘morale-improver’ (l. 4), while brigðandi ‘cleaver’, base-word to the warrior-kenning, is m. nom. sg., elaborating on es ‘who’, the subject of kom ‘brought’. Both refer to Tryggvi.
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
notes
[7] Sveigðis ‘of Sveigðir <= Óðinn>’: The form and application of this rare proper name are discussed by Konráð Gíslason (1881, 200-8).
kennings
íðvandr Sveigðis salbrigðandi,‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’
= WARRIOR = Tryggvi
the hall of Sveigðir, → SHIELD
a diligent cleaver of the SHIELD → WARRIOR = Tryggvi
notes
[7] Sveigðis ‘of Sveigðir <= Óðinn>’: The form and application of this rare proper name are discussed by Konráð Gíslason (1881, 200-8).
fangs ‘’
(not checked:)
fang (noun n.; °-s; *-): grasp, tunic < svanfang (noun n.)
svan ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svanvangr (noun m.)svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svanfang (noun n.)
kennings
skíðum svanvangs.‘on the skis of the swan-plain.’
= SHIPS
the swan-plain. → SEA
on the skis of the SEA → SHIPS
svan ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svanvangr (noun m.)svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svanfang (noun n.)
kennings
skíðum svanvangs.‘on the skis of the swan-plain.’
= SHIPS
the swan-plain. → SEA
on the skis of the SEA → SHIPS
vangs ‘plain’
(not checked:)
1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain < svanvangr (noun m.)
[8] ‑vangs: ‑fangs J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, Flat
kennings
skíðum svanvangs.‘on the skis of the swan-plain.’
= SHIPS
the swan-plain. → SEA
on the skis of the SEA → SHIPS
vangs ‘plain’
(not checked:)
1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain < svanvangr (noun m.)
[8] ‑vangs: ‑fangs J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, Flat
kennings
skíðum svanvangs.‘on the skis of the swan-plain.’
= SHIPS
the swan-plain. → SEA
on the skis of the SEA → SHIPS
liði ‘his following’
(not checked:)
lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop
þangat ‘there’
(not checked:)
þangat (adv.): there, thither
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Ok sóknhattar setti |
And the reddener of the ice of the attack-hat [(lit. ‘ice-reddener of the attack-hat’) HELMET > SWORD > WARRIOR = Hákon] placed the valiant morale-improver [RULER = Tryggvi] in the east over that woman of Ónarr <giant> [= Jǫrð (jǫrð ‘land’)], grown with oak, that man, a diligent cleaver of the hall of Sveigðir <= Óðinn> [(lit. ‘diligent hall-cleaver of Sveigðir’) SHIELD > WARRIOR = Tryggvi], who had previously brought his following there from the Irish on the skis of the swan-plain [SEA > SHIPS].
King Tryggvi Óláfsson, Hákon’s nephew, returns from raiding around Ireland and Scotland. During the spring Hákon places him in charge of Vík (Viken) to ward off enemy action and consolidate the hold over the Danish lands from which Hákon had exacted tribute.
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