Gsind Hákdr 2I
Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Guthormr sindri, Hákonardrápa 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 159.
Alm ‘of the bow’
(not checked:)
almr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): bow, elm-bow < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
Alm ‘of the bow’
(not checked:)
almr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): bow, elm-bow < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
Alm ‘of the bow’
(not checked:)
almr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): bow, elm-bow < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
Alm ‘of the bow’
(not checked:)
almr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): bow, elm-bow < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
drósar ‘woman’
(not checked:)
drós (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): lady < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
drósar ‘woman’
(not checked:)
drós (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): lady < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
drósar ‘woman’
(not checked:)
drós (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): lady < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
drósar ‘woman’
(not checked:)
drós (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): lady < almdrós (noun f.): [elm-bow-woman]
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
eisum ‘’
(not checked:)
1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
él ‘of the storm’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < élrunnr (noun m.)
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
él ‘of the storm’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < élrunnr (noun m.)
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
runnr ‘The bush’
(not checked:)
runnr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): bush, tree < élrunnr (noun m.)
kennings
Almdrósar eisu élrunnr‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’
= WARRIOR = Hákon
the bow -woman → VALKYRIE
the fire of the VALKYRIE → SWORD
the storm of the SWORD → BATTLE
The bush of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Hákon
Njǫrun ‘’
(not checked:)
Njǫrun (noun f.): Njǫrun
móins ‘’
(not checked:)
Móinn (noun m.): Móinn
mǫru ‘’
mǫrum ‘steeds’
(not checked:)
2. marr (noun m.): horse
[2] mǫrum: ‘morv’ J1ˣ, ‘níorun’ Bb, ‘moíns’ Flat
kennings
einum tveim mǫrum tingls‘with only two steeds of the prow-board ’
= SHIPS
with only two steeds of the prow-board → SHIPS
sunnan ‘from the south’
(not checked:)
sunnan (adv.): (from the) south
notes
[2] sunnan ‘from the south’: This is the most natural interpretation (cf. Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B). It would imply that Hákon had begun his voyage at a point south of Zealand, perhaps indicating incursion into the Danish sphere of influence in the southern Baltic. Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26; cf. Hkr 1991) instead tentatively proposed ‘south across the sea’; he cites Sturl Hryn 3/2II, but the sense of sunnan there is probably ‘from the south’.
trjónu ‘snout’
(not checked:)
trjóna (noun f.; °-u; dat. -um): snout, muzzle
notes
[3] trjónu ‘snout’: This word (nom. sg. trjóna) refers to the place where Hákon’s expeditionary force landed, presumably a promontory such as the south-east extremity of Zealand, or Helsingør in the north-east (suggested in Hkr 1893-1901, IV). Trjóna also has the sense ‘rod’ (see Note to Þjóð Yt 14/6), but here the sense appears to be ‘snout’, suggested by the idea of ‘seal’ in the p. n. Selund (see Note to l. 4; also st. 3/1).
tragls ‘’
tings ‘’
tvígls ‘’
tingls ‘of the prow-board’
(not checked:)
tingl (noun n.): prow-board
[3] tingls: ‘tíngs’ F, ‘tuigls’ J1ˣ, ‘tragls’ Flat
kennings
einum tveim mǫrum tingls‘with only two steeds of the prow-board ’
= SHIPS
with only two steeds of the prow-board → SHIPS
notes
[3] tingls ‘of the prow-board’: This refers to carved boards, or possibly engraved sheets of metal, forming part of the prow (cf. Þhorn Harkv 7/8, and see Eggert Ó. Brím 1895, 20-3; Shetelig and Falk 1937, 358; Jesch 2001a, 148-9).
á ‘on to’
(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at
grœnan ‘’
(not checked:)
2. grœnn (adj.; °superl. grǿnastr/grǿnstr): green
grœna ‘the green’
(not checked:)
2. grœnn (adj.; °superl. grǿnastr/grǿnstr): green
[3] grœna: grœnan Bb
tveim ‘two’
(not checked:)
tveir (num. cardinal): two
kennings
einum tveim mǫrum tingls‘with only two steeds of the prow-board ’
= SHIPS
with only two steeds of the prow-board → SHIPS
einum ‘with only’
(not checked:)
2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone
kennings
einum tveim mǫrum tingls‘with only two steeds of the prow-board ’
= SHIPS
with only two steeds of the prow-board → SHIPS
sól ‘’
(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun < sólmein (noun n.)
segl ‘’
(not checked:)
segl (noun n.; °-s; -): sail < seglmein (noun n.)
sel ‘of seal’
(not checked:)
selr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): [Seal] < selmein (noun n.)
[4] sel‑: segl‑ 61, sól‑ Bb
notes
[4] selmeina ‘of seal-wounds [Selund]’: An ofljóst on Selund (Zealand), based on a synonym substitution of und f. ‘wound’ for mein n., both ‘wound’, and on the homonymy of und ‘wound’ with the suffix ‑und ‘supplied with, abundant in’ (AEW: und 6), which is the second element in Selund and some other early place names such as Borgund and Eikund. Gen. pl. meina is most probably to be explained as standing for gen. sg. meins (Hkr 1893-1901, IV), in view of the sg. form Selund in st. 3/1.
meina ‘wounds [Selund]’
notes
[4] selmeina ‘of seal-wounds [Selund]’: An ofljóst on Selund (Zealand), based on a synonym substitution of und f. ‘wound’ for mein n., both ‘wound’, and on the homonymy of und ‘wound’ with the suffix ‑und ‘supplied with, abundant in’ (AEW: und 6), which is the second element in Selund and some other early place names such as Borgund and Eikund. Gen. pl. meina is most probably to be explained as standing for gen. sg. meins (Hkr 1893-1901, IV), in view of the sg. form Selund in st. 3/1.
þás ‘when’
(not checked:)
þás (conj.): when
ellifu ‘eleven’
(not checked:)
ellifu (num. cardinal): eleven
allir ‘’
(not checked:)
allr (adj.): all
alldríðum ‘’
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
Dana ‘of the Danes’
(not checked:)
Danr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): Dane
skriðar ‘’
(not checked:)
skriðr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -): motion, speed
skeiðar ‘ships’
(not checked:)
1. skeið (noun f.; °-ar; -r/-ar/-ir): ship
[6] skeiðar: skriðar Bb, skreiðar Flat
Val ‘of the Valr’
(not checked:)
Valr (noun m.; °; -ir): Valr, ?horse < valsendir (noun m.)
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
notes
[7] vandar Valsendir ‘sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. Valr-sender of the mast) SHIP > SEAFARER]’: This analysis follows NN §2008G (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). On the horse-heiti Valr, see Note to Þloft Tøgdr 5/6. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) instead took val- as val n. ‘the slain’ and analysed the kenning as an inversion of valvandar sendir ‘sender of the wand of the slain [(lit. ‘slain-sender of the wand) SPEAR > WARRIOR]’.
Val ‘of the Valr’
(not checked:)
Valr (noun m.; °; -ir): Valr, ?horse < valsendir (noun m.)
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
notes
[7] vandar Valsendir ‘sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. Valr-sender of the mast) SHIP > SEAFARER]’: This analysis follows NN §2008G (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). On the horse-heiti Valr, see Note to Þloft Tøgdr 5/6. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) instead took val- as val n. ‘the slain’ and analysed the kenning as an inversion of valvandar sendir ‘sender of the wand of the slain [(lit. ‘slain-sender of the wand) SPEAR > WARRIOR]’.
sendir ‘sender’
(not checked:)
sendir (noun m.): sender, distributor < valsendir (noun m.)
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
notes
[7] vandar Valsendir ‘sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. Valr-sender of the mast) SHIP > SEAFARER]’: This analysis follows NN §2008G (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). On the horse-heiti Valr, see Note to Þloft Tøgdr 5/6. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) instead took val- as val n. ‘the slain’ and analysed the kenning as an inversion of valvandar sendir ‘sender of the wand of the slain [(lit. ‘slain-sender of the wand) SPEAR > WARRIOR]’.
rauð ‘’
(not checked:)
rjóða (verb): to redden
vándar ‘’
(not checked:)
vándr (adj.): wicked
vindar ‘’
(not checked:)
1. vindr (noun m.; °-s/-ar; -ar): wind
vandar ‘of the mast’
(not checked:)
vǫndr (noun m.; °vandar, dat. vendi/vǫnd; vendir, acc. vǫndu/vendi): rod, want, mast
[7] vandar: vindar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘vondar’ Flat
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
notes
[7] vandar Valsendir ‘sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. Valr-sender of the mast) SHIP > SEAFARER]’: This analysis follows NN §2008G (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). On the horse-heiti Valr, see Note to Þloft Tøgdr 5/6. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) instead took val- as val n. ‘the slain’ and analysed the kenning as an inversion of valvandar sendir ‘sender of the wand of the slain [(lit. ‘slain-sender of the wand) SPEAR > WARRIOR]’.
vandar ‘of the mast’
(not checked:)
vǫndr (noun m.; °vandar, dat. vendi/vǫnd; vendir, acc. vǫndu/vendi): rod, want, mast
[7] vandar: vindar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘vondar’ Flat
kennings
allreiðr vandar Valsendir‘Valr-sender of the mast’
= SEAFARER = Hákon
the Valr of the mast → SHIP
the utterly enraged sender of the SHIP → SEAFARER = Hákon
notes
[7] vandar Valsendir ‘sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. Valr-sender of the mast) SHIP > SEAFARER]’: This analysis follows NN §2008G (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). On the horse-heiti Valr, see Note to Þloft Tøgdr 5/6. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) instead took val- as val n. ‘the slain’ and analysed the kenning as an inversion of valvandar sendir ‘sender of the wand of the slain [(lit. ‘slain-sender of the wand) SPEAR > WARRIOR]’.
víð ‘widely’
(not checked:)
víðr (adj.): far < víðfrægr (adj.): far-renowned
þar ‘’
(not checked:)
þar (adv.): there
at ‘for’
(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to
þat ‘that’
[8] þat: því Bb, þar Flat
síðan ‘afterwards’
(not checked:)
síðan (adv.): later, then
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Almdrósar fór eisu |
The bush of the storm of the fire of the bow-woman [(lit. ‘storm-bush of the fire of the bow-woman’) VALKYRIE > SWORD > BATTLE > WARRIOR = Hákon] went from the south with only two steeds of the prow-board [SHIPS] on to the green snout of seal-wounds [Selund] when the utterly enraged sender of the Valr <horse> of the mast [(lit. ‘Valr-sender of the mast’) SHIP > SEAFARER = Hákon] cleared all eleven ships of the Danes, widely famed for that afterwards.
Hákon sails north to Selund (Zealand) in pursuit of vikings. In Eyrarsund (Øresund) he enters into battle with eleven viking ships and again has the victory.
[1-4]: (a) The standard construal of these lines, adopted here, takes grœna trjónu ‘green snout’ as a f. acc. sg. phrase qualified by the gen. pl. selmeina ‘of seal-wounds [Selund]’, while the following word, tingls ‘of the prow-board’, acts as determinant for the base-word mǫrum ‘steeds, mares’ in l. 2 (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). See further Notes to ll. 4 and 7 below. (b) Kock (NN §1052) combines mǫrum trjónu tingls ‘horses with metal plates on the snout [SHIPS]’ and takes á grœna with selmeina, ‘onto the green [coast] of seal-wounds [Selund]’, in order to rationalise the word order, but the separation of tveim einum ‘only two’ from mǫrum ‘mares’ itself presupposes some complexity of word order, and grœna has to be assumed to be substantival.
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